Pollination and Its Types
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Questions and Answers

Which type of pollination occurs between different plants of the same species?

  • Autogamy
  • Self-pollination
  • Cleistogamous
  • Cross-pollination (correct)

    • Cleistogamous flowers promote cross-pollination.

    False

    What is the main advantage of cross-pollination?

    Promotes genetic diversity and adaptability.

    Pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower in _______.

    <p>autogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is NOT commonly found in flowering plants to attract pollinators?

    <p>Water storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of pollination with their descriptions:

    <p>Autogamy = Pollen from the same flower Geitonogamy = Pollen between different flowers on the same plant Xenogamy = Pollen from different plants Cross-pollination = Pollen from different plants of the same species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-pollination ensures genetic diversity among plant populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of self-pollination?

    <p>Limited genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes cross-pollination between flowers on different plants?

    <p>Xenogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dioecious plants have both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic mechanism that prevents self-pollination called?

    <p>Self-incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positioning of the anther and stigma can prevent self-pollination by being at different __________.

    <p>positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes plants that produce unisexual flowers?

    <p>Monoecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Autogamy = Self-pollination within the same flower Geitonogamy = Self-pollination between different flowers on the same plant Xenogamy = Cross-pollination between flowers on different plants Inbreeding depression = Reduced fitness in offspring due to close mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-incompatibility allows pollen to germinate even if it is incompatible with the stigma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents self-pollination by ensuring that pollen from a male plant must reach a female plant?

    <p>Dioecious plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biotic pollinator?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geitonogamy involves the transfer of pollen between different flowers on the same plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of self-pollination?

    <p>It ensures pollination in the absence of pollinators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water pollination is also known as _______.

    <p>hydrophily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pollination with their characteristics:

    <p>Anemophily = Pollination by wind Hydrophily = Pollination through water Entomophily = Pollination by insects Ornithophily = Pollination by birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of flowers that are pollinated by wind?

    <p>Large feathery stigmas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xenogamy involves pollen transfer to the stigma of the same flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an example of a plant that uses epihydrophily.

    <p>Vallisneria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma is known as _______.

    <p>pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pollinators with their categories:

    <p>Anemophily = Abiotic Entomophily = Biotic Ornithophily = Biotic Hydrophily = Abiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-pollination?

    <p>Inbreeding depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollinators often receive rewards from flowers in the form of nectar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pollination does chiropterophily refer to?

    <p>Pollination by bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most flowering plants rely on ________ pollination.

    <p>biotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pollination

    • Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther, the male reproductive part of a flower, to the stigma, the female reproductive part of the flower.
    • Pollination is essential for flowering plants, enabling fertilization of the egg cell (female gamete) by the sperm cell (male gamete).
    • External agents, or pollinators, are necessary for this process.

    Types of Pollination

    • Self-pollination occurs within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.

      • Autogamy: Pollen transfer between the anther and stigma of the same flower.
      • Geitonogamy: Pollen transfer between the anther and stigma of different flowers on the same plant.

    • Cross-pollination involves different plants of the same species.

      • Xenogamy: Pollen transfer between the anther and stigma of different plants.

    Characteristics of Flowers Based on Pollination Mechanisms

    • Chasmogamous flowers: Open flowers with exposed anthers and stigmas, enabling cross-pollination.
    • Cleistogamous flowers: Closed flowers, promoting self-pollination (autogamy).

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Self and Cross Pollination

    • Self-pollination:

      • Advantages: Ensures pollination even without pollinators, beneficial in isolated areas or with limited pollinators.
      • Disadvantages: Reduced genetic diversity, leading to decreased adaptability and disease resistance.

    • Cross-pollination:

      • Advantages: Increased genetic diversity, promoting adaptability and healthier, more resilient offspring.
      • Disadvantages: Dependent on pollinators, which can be vulnerable to habitat loss or climate change.

    Key Adaptations in Flowering Plants for Pollination

    • Flowers have adaptations to attract pollinators and improve pollination success.
      • Brightly colored petals attract visual attention.
      • Nectar production provides a food source.
      • Fragrance attracts pollinators via scent.
      • Flower structure facilitates pollen transfer.

    Pollinators: The Agents of Reproduction

    • Pollinators are organisms transferring pollen from anther to stigma.
      • Examples: Bees, butterflies, moths, birds, wind, water, insects.
    • Wind pollination (anemophily): Common in plants with small, open flowers producing abundant light, small pollen.
    • Water pollination (hydrophily): Rare in flowering plants, usually in aquatic plants.

    Self-pollination vs. Cross-pollination

    • Self-pollination is between a single flower or different flowers on the same plant.
    • Cross-pollination is between flowers on different plants.
    • Autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy are specific types of self and cross-pollination.

    Pollinators and their categories

    • Pollinators transfer pollen.
    • Abiotic pollinators are non-living:
      • Wind (anemophily)
      • Water (hydrophily).
    • Biotic pollinators are living organisms:
      • Insects, butterflies, moths (entomo),
      • Birds(ornithophily),
      • Bats (chiropterophily),
      • Other animals (zoophily).

    Wind Pollination

    • Wind pollination (anemophily) is common.
    • Wind-pollinated plants produce huge quantities of lightweight, non-sticky pollen.
    • Exposed stamens facilitate pollen release.
    • Feathery stigmas increase pollen capture.

    Water Pollination

    • Water pollination (hydrophily) is rare in flowering plants.
    • Limited to about 30 genera, mainly in aquatic monocots.
    • Epihydrophily: Pollination at the water surface.
    • Hypohydrophily: Pollination below the water surface.
    • Examples: Vallisneria (epi), Zostera (hypo).
    • Most algae and bryophytes use water for gamete transport.

    Biotic Pollination

    • Most plants rely on animals for pollination.
    • Bees are prominent biotic pollinators.
    • Large animals can also be pollinators for some species.
    • Flowers adapted to animals are often large, colorful, fragrant, and have nectar.

    Outbreeding Devices

    • Most flowers are hermaphrodites (both sexes).
    • Self-pollination is possible but can lead to inbreeding depression.
    • Adaptations to avoid self-pollination:
      • Asynchronous pollen release and stigma receptiveness.
      • Anther and stigma positioning preventing self-contact.
      • Self-incompatibility preventing fertilization if pollen and stigma are incompatible.

    Mutualism

    • Flowers reward pollinators with nectar and pollen.
    • Pollinators brush against reproductive parts, transferring pollen during reward collection.
    • Some flowers provide insect egg-laying sites.
    • Mutualistic relationship exists between Yucca and a moth species.

    Preventing Self-Pollination

    • Mechanisms to prevent same-flower self-pollination:
      • Timing of pollen release and stigma receptiveness differs.
      • Anther and stigma positioning differ (preventing contact).
      • Self-incompatibility prevents fertilization with the same pollen.
      • Unisexual flowers (e.g., monoecious and dioecious) further prevent self-pollination.

    Key Terms

    • Autogamy: Self-pollination within the same flower.
    • Geitonogamy: Self-pollination between different flowers on the same plant.
    • Xenogamy: Cross-pollination between different plants.
    • Inbreeding depression: Reduced fitness in offspring due to mating between closely related individuals.
    • Monoecious: Having male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers on the same plant.
    • Dioecious: Having male and female reproductive organs on separate plants.
    • Self-incompatibility: A genetic mechanism preventing self-pollination.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating process of pollination and its significance in flowering plants. This quiz covers the mechanisms of self-pollination and cross-pollination, providing insights into how these processes contribute to plant reproduction. Test your knowledge on the different types and their specific characteristics.

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