Political Science Overview

Definition: The study of systems of governance, political activities, political theory, and political behavior.
Subfields:
- Comparative Politics: Analysis of different political systems.
- International Relations: Study of interactions between nations.
- Political Theory: Exploration of ideas such as justice, power, and rights.
- Public Administration: Implementation of government policy.

State: An organized political community under a government.
Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself.
Power: The ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people or outcomes.
Legitimacy: Acceptance and recognition of authority by the governed.

Ancient Political Systems:
- Greece: Birthplace of democracy; philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
- Rome: Development of republicanism and legal systems.
Medieval Period:
- Feudalism: A hierarchical system of land ownership and duties.
- Rise of monarchies and the concept of divine right.
Renaissance and Enlightenment:
- Revitalization of classical ideas; emergence of modern political thought.
- Thinkers like Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau laid foundational theories of governance, rights, and social contracts.

American Revolution (1775-1783): Established principles of democracy and individual rights.
French Revolution (1789-1799): Shifted power from monarchy to citizens; heralded ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity.
20th-Century Ideologies:
- Rise of communism, fascism, and liberal democracy.
- Global conflicts shaped political landscapes (e.g., World Wars, Cold War).

Democracy: Power vested in the people, exercised through elections.
Authoritarianism: Concentrated power in a leader or ruling party, often suppressing dissent.
Totalitarianism: An extreme form of authoritarianism with total control over public life.

Globalization: Interconnectedness of national policies due to global challenges.
Populism: Rise of leaders appealing to the interests and concerns of the common people.
Environmental Politics: Growing focus on climate change and sustainability in political agendas.

John Locke: Advocated for natural rights and government by consent.
Karl Marx: Critiqued capitalism and proposed a classless society.
Max Weber: Focused on bureaucracy and authority types (traditional, charismatic, legal-rational).

Political Parties: Organize political activity, represent diverse interests, and simplify voter choices.
Elections: Mechanisms for selecting leaders and making policy decisions.
International Organizations: Such as the United Nations, facilitate cooperation on global issues.

Political science examines governance systems, political activities, theories, and behaviors.
Major subfields include:
- Comparative Politics analyzes various political systems.
- International Relations focuses on nation interactions.
- Political Theory investigates concepts like justice and power.
- Public Administration deals with implementing government policies.

A state is an organized political entity under a governing body.
Sovereignty refers to a state's authority to self-govern.
Power is the capability to influence or control individuals or outcomes.
Legitimacy involves the recognition and acceptance of authority by the governed.

Ancient Greece is known as the origin of democracy, influenced by philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
Ancient Rome established foundational republicanism and legal frameworks.
The medieval period featured feudalism, a hierarchy of land ownership, and the emergence of monarchies with divine right theories.
The Renaissance and Enlightenment brought a revival of classical ideas, with philosophers such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau shaping modern political thought around governance and social contracts.

The American Revolution (1775-1783) introduced democratic principles and individual rights.
The French Revolution (1789-1799) transitioned power from monarchies to citizens, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity.
The 20th century saw the rise of ideologies such as communism and fascism, influenced by global conflicts like the World Wars and the Cold War.

Democracy involves power derived from the people through electoral processes.
Authoritarianism centralizes power within a leader or party, often curtailing dissent.
Totalitarianism represents a severe form of authoritarianism, exerting total control over public and private life.

Globalization reflects the interdependence of national policies in response to shared challenges.
Populism represents a political shift where leaders appeal to common people's concerns.
Environmental politics increasingly prioritize sustainability and climate change in political discussions.

Qualitative methods include case studies, interviews, and content analyses.
Quantitative methods utilize surveys and statistical analysis for empirical data.
Comparative analysis investigates various political systems and their outcomes.

John Locke championed natural rights and government based on consent.
Karl Marx criticized capitalism and envisaged a classless society.
Max Weber analyzed bureaucracy and identified three authority types: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.

Political parties are essential for organizing political activities and representing diverse interests, simplifying voter decision-making.
Elections are critical mechanisms for choosing leaders and informing policy.
International organizations, such as the United Nations, play a significant role in fostering global cooperation on pressing issues.