Questions and Answers
What was one of the main aims of the reforms mentioned?
Which political structure was aimed at diminishing the power of the viceroy?
What kind of government was established in the Philippines as outlined?
Who appointed the Governor General in the Philippines?
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Which position was set to live and observe the Governor General's administration?
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What was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi known for?
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In the local governance structure, who served as chief executive along with the mayor?
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What concept did the Constitution of 1812 attempt to implement in the Philippines?
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What was Francisco Mercado Rizal's nickname?
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What profession did Narcisa pursue?
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Which sibling of Jose Rizal died at a young age?
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Which sibling was known to have a profound reaction to 'The Story of the Moth'?
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What was the relationship between Josefa and the Katipunan?
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At what age did Jose Rizal begin to read the Spanish Bible?
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What condition did Josefa suffer from before her death?
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What event marked Francisco Mercado Rizal's life as a hardworking and independent-minded individual?
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What future role was predicted for the child referred to in the document?
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Which of the following languages is Jose Rizal known to have mastered?
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What was the primary occupation of Jose Rizal?
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What trait is NOT associated with Teodora Alonzo Realonda according to the document?
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Who was the first to trace Jose Rizal's family roots?
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What was Domingo Lamco's original family name?
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How old was Teodora Alonzo Realonda when she died?
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Which sibling of Jose Rizal married Timoteo Hidalgo?
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What policy required natives to live near the center to hear the church bells?
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What does 'Bandala' refer to in the context of the Filipino economy during the Spanish period?
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Which institution was established in 1611 and was open to Filipinos before the end of Spanish rule?
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What does the term 'Polo y Servicio' mean?
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What was the primary agricultural policy that often enslaved rural folks in the Spanish period?
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When was Dr. Jose Rizal born?
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Who baptized Dr. Jose Rizal?
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What was one of the main economic activities that connected Manila to other regions during the Galeon Trade?
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What was the annual salary of the Governor General in the colonial Philippines?
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Which religious transformation was forced upon the Filipino population during the colonial era?
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What was the age criteria for suffrage during the colonial government?
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Which title refers to the head of a barangay in the Philippines?
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Who was considered a 'Martyr of 1872' in the context of Spanish colonial rule?
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What was the core issue regarding justice under Spanish colonial administration?
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Which term refers to the excessive powers and privileges granted to colonial officials?
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What was the common perception of brown-skinned Filipinos under Spanish rule?
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Who was known to be one of the most corrupt officials during the colonial period?
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What type of culture dominated the literature under Spanish rule in the 19th century?
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Study Notes
Principalia and Spanish Colonial Reforms
- Principalia represented the wealthy, pure-blooded native class in the Philippines, believed to be descended from kadatoan.
- Reforms aimed to control American colonies, exploit resources, professionalize the army, subdivide New Spain into mayors, diminish viceroyal power, and exclude natives from political roles.
Political Condition in the Philippines
- The King issued a royal decree to govern the Philippines; governance executed from Manila with executive, legislative, and religious powers concentrated in Governor General.
- Governor General, appointed by the King, was overseen by a visitador (inspector) and a residencia (observer).
- Established local governance structures like alcaldias (provincial government) and cabildos (city government).
Liberal Constitution Attempt in 1812
- Aimed to create a constitutional monarchy but was rendered invalid by King Fernando VII in 1814, restoring absolutism.
- Governance involved about 300 subordinates from Spain and colonial territories.
Life of Jose Rizal
- Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba; shown early signs of genius including reading the Spanish Bible at five.
- Executed on December 30, 1896, became the national hero posthumously known as "Pepe".
- Influential family members included his mother, Teodora, and various siblings, each contributing to his nurturing.
Rizal's Siblings' Contributions
- Narcisa (1852-1939), musician and educator, facilitated memories of Rizal’s works.
- Olympian and Lucia engaged in local arts and education.
- Josefa became a member of the Katipunan, showcasing family involvement in national consciousness.
Socio-Cultural Conditions in the 19th Century
- Social stratification: Peninsulares (Spanish born in Spain), Insulares (Spanish born in the Philippines), Creoles (Ilustrados and Principalia), and Indios (natives).
- Literature shifted from theocratic epics to modern forms reflecting societal changes.
Economic Conditions in the 19th Century
- Encomienda system established control over land; native peoples became tenants or laborers.
- Haciendas owned predominantly by Spanish officials and friars led to agrarian revolts.
- Major economic policies imposed by Spaniards included forced sales (BANDALA) and labor (Polo y Servicio).
Governance and Administration Issues
- Corrupt officials frequently mismanaged colonial policies and exploited favor with the crown.
- Notorious governors included General Rafael de Izquierdo and General Valerio Weyler, known for their oppressive practices.
- The social structure left natives with little rights and representation, facing abuses under local law.
Educational Developments
- Establishment of universities like UST (1611), offering limited access for Filipinos.
- Educational decrees in 1863 aimed to improve schooling but were largely ineffective for broader populations.
- Significant focus on traditional values, with cultural education largely controlled by colonial powers.
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Description
Explore the political reforms aimed at controlling American colonies and resource exploitation by the crown. This quiz delves into the subdivision of New Spain into mayors and the professionalization of the army. Test your knowledge on this significant historical period.
