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Questions and Answers
Washington ______ was chosen to serve as the nation's first President.
Washington ______ was chosen to serve as the nation's first President.
was
Henry Knox served as Washington's Secretary of _____.
Henry Knox served as Washington's Secretary of _____.
War
Hamilton served as Washington's Secretary of the ______.
Hamilton served as Washington's Secretary of the ______.
Treasury
Jefferson served as Washington's Secretary of ______.
Jefferson served as Washington's Secretary of ______.
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Hamilton and Jefferson were allies who worked together in the first American cabinet.
Hamilton and Jefferson were allies who worked together in the first American cabinet.
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What was a key difference between Hamilton and Jefferson's vision for the role of government?
What was a key difference between Hamilton and Jefferson's vision for the role of government?
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The Department of ______ handled relations with other countries.
The Department of ______ handled relations with other countries.
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The Department of ______ ran the military and managed the defense of the nation.
The Department of ______ ran the military and managed the defense of the nation.
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The ______ Department managed the government's finances.
The ______ Department managed the government's finances.
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The ______ served as the chief lawyer for the national government.
The ______ served as the chief lawyer for the national government.
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The national treasury was empty, and the nation had no ______.
The national treasury was empty, and the nation had no ______.
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Congress had the power to raise funds through ______, but its members argued endlessly.
Congress had the power to raise funds through ______, but its members argued endlessly.
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In 1791, Congress agreed to place an ______ on whiskey (production and sales tax).
In 1791, Congress agreed to place an ______ on whiskey (production and sales tax).
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Settlers living west of the Appalachian Mountains reacted angrily to the ______.
Settlers living west of the Appalachian Mountains reacted angrily to the ______.
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Many farmers complained that the tax made their whiskey ______, so they refused to pay it.
Many farmers complained that the tax made their whiskey ______, so they refused to pay it.
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In 1794, the "______" of western Pennsylvania tarred and feathered tax collectors who tried to enforce the law.
In 1794, the "______" of western Pennsylvania tarred and feathered tax collectors who tried to enforce the law.
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Hamilton and Washington saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a threat to the ______.
Hamilton and Washington saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a threat to the ______.
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At Hamilton's urging, Washington led 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to crush the ______.
At Hamilton's urging, Washington led 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to crush the ______.
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Faced with overwhelming force, the rebellion ______.
Faced with overwhelming force, the rebellion ______.
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Thomas Jefferson thought that the idea of sending an army to catch a few tax rebels was ______.
Thomas Jefferson thought that the idea of sending an army to catch a few tax rebels was ______.
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Jefferson believed that Hamilton was prepared to violate ______ by using armed force to put down opposition to government liberties.
Jefferson believed that Hamilton was prepared to violate ______ by using armed force to put down opposition to government liberties.
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The ______ appeared first during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution.
The ______ appeared first during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution.
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Who was the most influential leader of the Federalist party?
Who was the most influential leader of the Federalist party?
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Most Federalists shared Hamilton's view that people were basically selfish and out for themselves, so they distrusted any system of government that gave ______ power to "the mob", or the common people.
Most Federalists shared Hamilton's view that people were basically selfish and out for themselves, so they distrusted any system of government that gave ______ power to "the mob", or the common people.
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Federalists believed that "the best people"—______, wealthy, public-spirited men like themselves—should run the country.
Federalists believed that "the best people"—______, wealthy, public-spirited men like themselves—should run the country.
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Federalists favored a ______ national government.
Federalists favored a ______ national government.
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Hamilton wanted to expand the economy and increase the nation's wealth by using the power of the federal government to promote ______, manufacturing, trade, land grants for education, and infrastructure such as canals and roads.
Hamilton wanted to expand the economy and increase the nation's wealth by using the power of the federal government to promote ______, manufacturing, trade, land grants for education, and infrastructure such as canals and roads.
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Federalists supported a ______ or broad interpretation, of the Constitution.
Federalists supported a ______ or broad interpretation, of the Constitution.
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Using the ______, allowed Congress to “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out its listed powers.
Using the ______, allowed Congress to “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out its listed powers.
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In 1790, Hamilton presented Congress with a plan to pay off all ______ as quickly as possible.
In 1790, Hamilton presented Congress with a plan to pay off all ______ as quickly as possible.
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Hamilton's plan for repaying the debts was opposed by many Americans, especially in the ______.
Hamilton's plan for repaying the debts was opposed by many Americans, especially in the ______.
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Most ______ states had already paid their war debts and saw little reason to help states in the North pay off what they still owed.
Most ______ states had already paid their war debts and saw little reason to help states in the North pay off what they still owed.
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To save his plan, Hamilton linked it to another issue: the location of the nation's ______, called the district of columbia.
To save his plan, Hamilton linked it to another issue: the location of the nation's ______, called the district of columbia.
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Hamilton promised to support a location in the ______, if southerners would support his debt plan.
Hamilton promised to support a location in the ______, if southerners would support his debt plan.
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The debt plan was passed, and the nation's new capital—called the ______—was in the South, on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia.
The debt plan was passed, and the nation's new capital—called the ______—was in the South, on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia.
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Next, Hamilton asked Congress to establish a ______.
Next, Hamilton asked Congress to establish a ______.
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Hamilton believed would help the government by collecting taxes and keeping those funds ______.
Hamilton believed would help the government by collecting taxes and keeping those funds ______.
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It would print paper money backed by the government, giving the nation a stable ______.
It would print paper money backed by the government, giving the nation a stable ______.
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Most important, the bank would make loans to ______ to build new factories and ships.
Most important, the bank would make loans to ______ to build new factories and ships.
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Once established, in 1791, the Bank of the United States helped the nation's ______ grow and prosper.
Once established, in 1791, the Bank of the United States helped the nation's ______ grow and prosper.
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When the French ______ began, Hamilton hoped that it would lead to the "establishment of free and good government."
When the French ______ began, Hamilton hoped that it would lead to the "establishment of free and good government."
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But as he watched it lead instead to chaos and bloodshed, his enthusiasm for the ______ cooled.
But as he watched it lead instead to chaos and bloodshed, his enthusiasm for the ______ cooled.
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When war broke out between France and England in 1793, most Federalists sided with ______.
When war broke out between France and England in 1793, most Federalists sided with ______.
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Some were merchants and shippers whose business depended on ______ with America's former enemy, while others simply felt more comfortable supporting orderly Great Britain against revolutionary France.
Some were merchants and shippers whose business depended on ______ with America's former enemy, while others simply felt more comfortable supporting orderly Great Britain against revolutionary France.
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Great Britain was all that Hamilton hoped the United States would become one day: a ______ nation that could defend itself against any enemy.
Great Britain was all that Hamilton hoped the United States would become one day: a ______ nation that could defend itself against any enemy.
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To counter Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson created the ______ (Republican) Party.
To counter Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson created the ______ (Republican) Party.
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Republicans favored true democracy and had no patience with the Federalists' view that only the "best people" should ______.
Republicans favored true democracy and had no patience with the Federalists' view that only the "best people" should ______.
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To Republicans, this view came dangerously close to ______. To keep the national government small, they insisted on a ______ or interpretation, of the Constitution.
To Republicans, this view came dangerously close to ______. To keep the national government small, they insisted on a ______ or interpretation, of the Constitution.
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Republicans favored ______ state governments.
Republicans favored ______ state governments.
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They also favored an economy ______ on agriculture, and opposed any measures, such as the national bank, designed to encourage the growth of business and manufacturing.
They also favored an economy ______ on agriculture, and opposed any measures, such as the national bank, designed to encourage the growth of business and manufacturing.
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They viewed the bank as unconstitutional and ______ against farmers.
They viewed the bank as unconstitutional and ______ against farmers.
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While the bank was happy to loan money to businesspeople to build factories and ships, it did not make loans to ______.
While the bank was happy to loan money to businesspeople to build factories and ships, it did not make loans to ______.
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Jefferson assumed that informed citizens could make good decisions for themselves and their ______.
Jefferson assumed that informed citizens could make good decisions for themselves and their ______.
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Despite the violence of the revolution, most Republicans continued to support ______.
Despite the violence of the revolution, most Republicans continued to support ______.
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While regretting the bloodshed, they argued that the loss of a few thousand aristocrats was a small price to pay for ______.
While regretting the bloodshed, they argued that the loss of a few thousand aristocrats was a small price to pay for ______.
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Near the end of his second term, Washington announced that ______ he would not run again.
Near the end of his second term, Washington announced that ______ he would not run again.
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Before leaving office, the president prepared a message that became known as Washington's ______.
Before leaving office, the president prepared a message that became known as Washington's ______.
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He reminded Americans of all that bound them together as a ______. Warned of two threats to the nation's future.
He reminded Americans of all that bound them together as a ______. Warned of two threats to the nation's future.
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One of those threats was problems the nation was having with other ______.
One of those threats was problems the nation was having with other ______.
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The other threat was the "______".
The other threat was the "______".
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Washington said that it was natural for people to hold different opinions, but he warned against the dangers of passionate ______. If fighting between parties was not controlled, it could tear the young nation apart.
Washington said that it was natural for people to hold different opinions, but he warned against the dangers of passionate ______. If fighting between parties was not controlled, it could tear the young nation apart.
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Despite his worries for the future, Washington had much to be proud of as he left office. The new government was up and running, and the nation was growing so fast that it had added three new states: ______, Tennessee, Vermont.
Despite his worries for the future, Washington had much to be proud of as he left office. The new government was up and running, and the nation was growing so fast that it had added three new states: ______, Tennessee, Vermont.
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Most of all, Washington had steered his government safely through quarrelsome times, leaving the nation united and at ______.
Most of all, Washington had steered his government safely through quarrelsome times, leaving the nation united and at ______.
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By the third election in 1796, it was clear that ______ had become part of the election process. The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson for president who had the support from many farmers in the South and West.
By the third election in 1796, it was clear that ______ had become part of the election process. The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson for president who had the support from many farmers in the South and West.
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The Federalists supported John Adams, who appealed to lawyers, merchants, ship owners, and businesspeople in the ______. When the electoral votes were counted, John Adams was elected president by just three votes, and Jefferson came in second, making him vice president.
The Federalists supported John Adams, who appealed to lawyers, merchants, ship owners, and businesspeople in the ______. When the electoral votes were counted, John Adams was elected president by just three votes, and Jefferson came in second, making him vice president.
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Under John Adams, Federalists in Congress passed four controversial laws known as the ______ which were aimed at aliens or noncitizens to become a citizen.
Under John Adams, Federalists in Congress passed four controversial laws known as the ______ which were aimed at aliens or noncitizens to become a citizen.
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They lengthened the time it took for an ______ to become a citizen with the right to vote—from 5 to 14 years.
They lengthened the time it took for an ______ to become a citizen with the right to vote—from 5 to 14 years.
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The other two Alien Acts allowed the president to either jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government. The fourth law, known as the Sedition Act, made ______—encouraging rebellion against the government—a crime.
The other two Alien Acts allowed the president to either jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government. The fourth law, known as the Sedition Act, made ______—encouraging rebellion against the government—a crime.
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In 1800, the federal government moved to the city of Washington in the ______ of Columbia.
In 1800, the federal government moved to the city of Washington in the ______ of Columbia.
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In 1800, Republican leaders supported ______ for president. The Federalists chose ______ to run for reelection as president.
In 1800, Republican leaders supported ______ for president. The Federalists chose ______ to run for reelection as president.
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During the campaign ______, even accusing him of wanting to turn the nation into a monarchy
During the campaign ______, even accusing him of wanting to turn the nation into a monarchy
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Hamilton and his followers refused to support ______ because of disagreements over the president’s foreign policy.
Hamilton and his followers refused to support ______ because of disagreements over the president’s foreign policy.
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Adams lost the election which resulted in a tie vote between ______ and ______.
Adams lost the election which resulted in a tie vote between ______ and ______.
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The election was sent to the House of Representatives, and after days of deadlock, ______ broke the tie and was eventually elected president.
The election was sent to the House of Representatives, and after days of deadlock, ______ broke the tie and was eventually elected president.
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In 1804, the ______ was added to the Constitution to prevent such ties.
In 1804, the ______ was added to the Constitution to prevent such ties.
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Study Notes
Political Developments in the Early Republic
- Washington was chosen as the nation's first president.
- Washington's cabinet included Henry Knox (Secretary of War), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury), and Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State).
- Conflicts between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the formation of the nation's first political parties.
- The newly formed government had an empty treasury and no money.
- Congress had the power to raise funds through taxes, but members argued endlessly.
- Congress placed an excise tax on whiskey in 1791.
- Settlers reacted angrily to the tax and refused to pay it.
- The Whiskey Rebellion occurred in 1794.
- This rebellion was seen as a threat to the authority of the national government.
- Washington led troops to crush the rebels.
- Jefferson considered the use of an army to be foolish.
- Hamilton, in Jefferson's view, was prepared to violate people's rights by using armed force.
- The Federalist party emerged during the debates over the Constitution's ratification.
- Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton.
- Federalists favoured a strong national government.
- Federalists wanted to expand the economy by promoting business, manufacturing, trade, and infrastructure like canals and roads.
- Hamilton presented a debt plan to Congress in 1790 to pay off war debts quickly.
- Southerners opposed the plan largely because they felt they had already paid their debts.
- Hamilton linked his plan to a location for the new capital in the South, to get support from southerners.
- The new capital, the District of Columbia, was established in the South (in the Potomac River area).
- A national bank was set up to collect taxes, keep funds safe, produce stable currency, and provide loans to businesses.
- The national bank was deemed unconstitutional by some.
- Federalists had hoped the French Revolution would lead to good government, but their enthusiasm waned as the revolution became chaotic.
- Many American merchants and shippers favoured Great Britain during the French Revolution because of business interests or because they felt better with Britain's stability.
- Thomas Jefferson formed the Democratic-Republican Party to counter the Federalists.
- Republicans favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution and favoured states' rights.
- Republicans favoured an economy based on agriculture.
- Jefferson was elected Vice President in 1796, and Adams was elected President.
- The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed.
- These acts were controversial laws related to immigrants, and those thought to be seditious.
- The 1796 election marked a further division between Federalist and Republican views.
- In the Election of 1800, Republican leaders supported Thomas Jefferson.
- John Adams ran for reelection.
- Republican newspapers attacked Adams, alleging he wanted the nation to become a tyranny.
- The 1800 election resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
- Federalist Alexander Hamilton helped broker a deal that gave Jefferson the victory.
- As a result of the contested election, the 12th Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804.
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Description
Explore the key political events and figures during the Early Republic, including Washington's presidency, the formation of political parties, and significant events like the Whiskey Rebellion. Gain insights into the conflicting views of Hamilton and Jefferson and the implications of their debates on the young nation.
