Policy Fundamentals and Politics
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What aspect of policy can differ across various groups in society?

  • The overall cost associated with implementing policies
  • The method of enforcing policies consistently
  • The perceived effectiveness of a policy (correct)
  • The political affiliation of policy makers

    • Which statement best describes the relationship between policy and politics?

  • There is no connection between the policies people support and their political compass position.
  • Policy decisions are strongly correlated with political beliefs and can elicit agreement or disagreement. (correct)
  • Policies are created independently of societal norms and values.
  • Policy decisions are rarely influenced by political ideologies.

    • What is a primary reason for implementing pedestrian-friendly policies?

  • To reduce the cost of parking
  • To encourage walking by modifying street access (correct)
  • To increase car traffic in urban areas
  • To limit the number of pedestrians in public spaces

    • Why is it important to recognize different ideological perspectives in policy-making?

    <p>To facilitate understanding and cooperative policymaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implication of not agreeing on policy decisions?

    <p>It can cause social conflict or a lack of trust among community members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of outpatients is most likely to get the disease mentioned?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the incidence of tuberculosis in Toronto compare to London?

    <p>Higher due to more immigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between risk and hazard?

    <p>Risk is the combination of hazard and exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence rate of tuberculosis mentioned in the content?

    <p>2.77/100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the higher likelihood of tuberculosis in Toronto compared to London?

    <p>Densely populated environments in Toronto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes prevalence in epidemiological terms?

    <p>The total cases of a disease present in a population at a specific time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a reason for differences in health policy costs among states like Wyoming, South Dakota, and Michigan?

    <p>State programs are funded differently based on local government initiatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many active TB cases were reported in Canada in 2017?

    <p>1,796</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect might NOT likely contribute to the higher TB rates in large cities like Toronto?

    <p>Better healthcare facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the rationale for presenting specific health information?

    <p>The message conveyed can influence public perception and policy decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of information in the policy process?

    <p>Information can be interpreted in various ways to support different policy alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be monitored to predict future health costs in relation to substance use?

    <p>The current popularity of traditional smoking versus vaping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the course evaluation structure imply regarding student performance?

    <p>Weighting evaluations encourages continuous engagement throughout the course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of forums in the course structure?

    <p>They act as the primary platform for students to ask questions on course content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having multiple interpretations of a specific data set in policy making?

    <p>It enables the development of diverse policy alternatives from one data set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should students be encouraged to respond to questions on course forums?

    <p>To facilitate peer learning and share diverse insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UPPAC state regarding healthcare rights?

    <p>We have a right to access healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which power primarily assigns responsibilities to the federal government in healthcare?

    <p>Spending power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the federal government respond to the health needs of refugees historically?

    <p>By requiring a three-month wait before access to provincial healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary responsibility of provincial governments in healthcare?

    <p>Training and regulation of health professionals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act governs public health at the municipal level?

    <p>Health Protection and Promotion Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto have on public health units in 1998?

    <p>Reduced the number of public health units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What responsibility falls under typical public health units?

    <p>Communicable disease tracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do municipal public health units receive funding?

    <p>Equally from both provincial and municipal government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of screening in public health?

    <p>Identify diseases in the wider population without risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act significantly influences how public health is managed in Canada?

    <p>Canada Health Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant policy change implemented by Toronto Public Health regarding immigrants?

    <p>Immediate identification of immigrants at the border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incorrect consequence of poor federal screening as discussed?

    <p>Improved public awareness of TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of media in public health?

    <p>Media can shape public opinion and shift political agendas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Federal Court of Canada ruling in November 2014 regarding health services for refugees?

    <p>The ruling determined that the cancellation of health insurance for refugees was unconstitutional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Typhoid Mary' relate to in the context of public health?

    <p>A historical example of asymptomatic infectiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory may conflict with utilitarianism in health care policy decisions?

    <p>Deontological ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Policy Fundamentals

    • Policy is a multifaceted concept, affecting all disciplines and areas of life.
    • Policies are negotiated and decided upon through a complex process.
    • Policy decisions can be perceived positively or negatively by different groups.
    • Consensus on policy is rarely achieved, and people will always have differing opinions.

    Policy & Politics

    • Ideology and worldviews are important factors influencing policy, even if you don't share them.
    • Policy is strongly linked to politics, with individuals aligning or disagreeing based on their political beliefs.
    • The political compass (https://www.politicalcompass.org/test/en?page=1#google_vignette) illustrates the diverse range of political beliefs.
    • We all operate in the same political space, despite variations in our political positions.
    • Your position on the political compass influences the types of policies you support or oppose.

    Policy and Data

    • Data can be used to justify different policy alternatives, highlighting the dynamic nature of policy making.
    • Information presented as part of the policy process often has a strategic rationale.
    • Data can be interpreted and utilized in diverse ways to support different policy agendas.

    Tuberculosis in Canada: Key Issues

    • The incidence rate of TB in Canada is 2.77 per 100,000 people.
    • The incidence rate is higher in Toronto (9.2/100,000) due to population density, immigration, and higher concentrations of marginalized individuals.
    • The incidence rate is lower in London (2.77/100,000), roughly comparable to the risk of being hit by a car.

    Risk vs. Hazard

    • A hazard is something that potentially causes harm, like a shark.
    • Risk is a hazard combined with exposure, like a shark in the water with someone swimming.
    • Only individuals exposed to a hazard face the actual risk.

    Prevalence and Incidence

    • Prevalence measures the existing cases of a disease or condition in a population at a given time.
    • Incidence measures the rate of new cases of a disease or condition within a specific time period.
    • High incidence indicates a greater need for immediate action compared to low incidence.
    • The high incidence rate of TB raises concerns for policy development.

    Tuberculosis in Canada: 2017

    • In 2017, there were 1,796 TB cases reported in Canada, a 2.6% increase from 2016.
    • This data highlights the importance of addressing TB, especially within marginalized populations.

    Government Roles in Health

    • Federal Government:

      • Holds responsibility for immigration, First Nations and Inuit health, veterans and active military, and prisoners in federal penitentiaries.
      • Plays a role in healthcare programs for refugees due to concerns about public health risks.
      • The federal government's role in healthcare is based on constitutional powers, including spending power, peace, order, and good government, and criminal law power.

    • Provincial Government:

      • Responsible for public hospitals and clinics, drug benefit plans, training and regulation of healthcare professionals, and long-term care.
      • Determines the level of medical services covered under the Canada Health Act.

    • Municipal Government (Public Health):

      • Public health units operate at the municipal level, funded by provincial and municipal governments.
      • Responsibilities include vaccinations, communicable disease tracking, vector-borne disease surveillance, and sexual health.
      • Public health emergencies are managed by local health boards with support from provincial groups.

    Tuberculosis Screening and Testing

    • The most important issue facing TB management is the Canada Health Act.
    • Other key issues include:
      • Immigration policies and practices.
      • Constitutional responsibilities and funding allocation between different levels of government.
      • Challenges with screening and follow-up procedures.
      • Lack of awareness and education regarding TB.
      • Inappropriate treatment and lack of adherence to treatment plans.
      • Media coverage and potential fear-mongering surrounding TB.

    Policy Changes in Response to TB

    • Toronto Public Health:

      • Implemented procedures to identify immigrants with TB at the border and refer them to immigration officials.
      • Introduced TB skin tests in addition to X-rays for screening.

    • Ontario Ministry of Health:

      • Developed TB Diagnosis and Treatment Services for Uninsured Persons (TB-UP).

    • Federal Government:

      • Initially cancelled health insurance services for refugees but later reinstated the program due to legal challenges.

    Conclusion

    • The case of tuberculosis in Canada highlights the complexities of public health policy, involving various government levels and diverse stakeholders.
    • The need for effective collaboration, efficient screening and treatment programs, and public education are crucial for addressing TB and other public health challenges.

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    Week 1 Lecture 1 - Google Docs PDF

    Description

    Explore the complex world of policy formation and its intersection with politics. Understand how ideologies influence policy decisions and how various groups perceive these decisions. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on policy impacts and the role of data in shaping alternatives.

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