Policing Models: Sara and Capra

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the Sara model of policing?

Implementing tailored strategies

Engaging citizens to identify concerns

Assessing the effectiveness of the response

Identifying recurring problems (correct)

Which component is unique to the Capra model compared to the Sara model?

Problem-solving

Tailored strategies

Community input (correct)

Data collection

What is the primary focus of the Sara model of policing?

Direct law enforcement tactics

Proactive public safety measures (correct)

Collaborative problem-solving

Building community relationships

Which statement best differentiates the Sara and Capra models of policing?

Sara is more data-driven while Capra emphasizes trust-building. Signup and view all the answers

What end goal do both the Sara and Capra models share?

To reduce crime and improve community safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the criminal justice system?

To maintain social order and ensure justice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes recidivism?

The act of committing a crime after previous convictions Signup and view all the answers

What does the crime funnel illustrate?

The transition from reported crimes to convictions Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of offences found in Canada?

Summary, indictable, and hybrid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component that differentiates custodial from non-custodial interviewing?

Involvement of physical restraint Signup and view all the answers

What is the hierarchy system in policing designed to ensure?

A clear chain of command and accountability Signup and view all the answers

What principle is NOT one of Peels principles of policing?

The police must be organized militarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the Comprehensive Police Services Act intended to address?

Coordination between different police services Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of force framework assist police in doing?

Determining appropriate responses to threats Signup and view all the answers

What were the origins of police authorities in Canada primarily linked to?

Colonial governance and local community needs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sara Model of Policing

Overview: Developed by social scientists, the Sara model emphasizes a strategic approach to policing.
Components:
1. Scanning: Identifying recurring problems within a community.
2. Analysis: Understanding the underlying causes of these problems through data collection and community feedback.
3. Response: Implementing tailored strategies to address identified issues.
4. Assessment: Evaluating the effectiveness of the response, modifying strategies as necessary.
Key Focus: Problem-oriented policing, enhancing community safety through proactive measures.

Capra Model of Policing

Overview: The Capra model integrates community policing principles with a focus on partnerships and collaborative problem-solving.
Components:
1. Community Input: Engaging citizens to identify concerns and priorities.
2. Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data to inform policing strategies.
3. Problem-Solving: Collaborating with stakeholders to develop solutions for identified issues.
4. Evaluation: Measuring outcomes to assess the effectiveness of strategies and inform future actions.
Key Focus: Building relationships between police and community, fostering trust, and enhancing public safety through cooperation.

Comparison of Sara and Capra Models

Approach: Both models prioritize community engagement and data analysis but differ in execution.
Sara focuses more on structured problem-solving tasks, while Capra emphasizes building partnerships and collaborative efforts.
End Goals: Both aim to reduce crime and improve community safety, but Capra places a stronger emphasis on sustained community relationships.

The SARA Model of Policing

Emphasizes a strategic approach to policing, developed by social scientists
Focuses on identifying recurring problems in a community (scanning)
Analyzes the root causes of these problems through data collection and community feedback.
Develops tailored strategies to address the identified issues (response)
Continuously evaluates the effectiveness of the response, modifying strategies as needed (assessment)
Emphasizes problem-oriented policing
A proactive approach to enhance community safety

The Capra Model of Policing

Integrates community policing principles with a focus on partnerships and collaborative problem-solving
Prioritizes community input to identify concerns and priorities
Analyzes data to inform policing strategies
Collaborates with stakeholders to develop solutions for identified issues
Continuously evaluates the effectiveness of strategies and informs future actions to address the identified issues
Focuses on building relationships between police and the community
Fosters trust and enhances public safety through cooperation

Comparing the SARA and Capra Models

Both models prioritize community engagement and data analysis, but differ in execution.
SARA focuses on structured problem-solving while Capra emphasizes building partnerships and collaborative efforts.
Both models aim to reduce crime and improve community safety but Capra places stronger emphasis on building lasting community relationships.

Definitions

Ideology: A set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual's or group's understanding of the world and how it should be organized, particularly concerning social, political, and economic issues.
Dark figure of crime: The hidden or unreported crime that is not captured in official crime statistics.
Crime funnel: A model that illustrates the shrinking number of cases as they move through the criminal justice system from initial report to final disposition.
Recidivism: The tendency of a convicted criminal to re-offend after being released from prison.
Finds committing: The act of catching someone in the act of committing a crime.
Crime rate: The number of crimes per unit of population in a given area over a specific time period.
U.C.R: Uniform Crime Reporting – a system used by police agencies to collect and report data on crime in Canada.
Common Law: A legal system based on precedents established by past court decisions.
Arrest: The act of detaining a person suspected of committing a crime.
Detention: The temporary confinement of a person by law enforcement officers.
Reasonable grounds: A level of suspicion that justifies a police officer’s actions, such as a search or an arrest, based on evidence and a reasonable belief that criminal activity is occurring.
Use of force: The application of physical or verbal coercion by a police officer to control a situation or individual.
Crime Severity Index: A measure used to assess the overall severity of crime in Canada, taking into account the seriousness of each offence.

Criminal Justice System

Five theoretical models of the criminal justice system:
- Due Process Model: Emphasizes individual rights and fair treatment throughout the legal process.
- Crime Control Model: Focuses on efficiency and effectiveness of the system in suppressing crime.
- Rehabilitation Model: Aims to reform and rehabilitate offenders through treatment and programs.
- Restorative Justice Model: Prioritizes repairing harm and restoring relationships between victims and offenders.
- Decarceration Model: Emphasis on reducing the use of incarceration through alternative sentencing options and community-based programs.
Purpose of the criminal justice system: To uphold the law, protect the public, and ensure justice for victims of crime.
Four components of the criminal justice system:
- Law Enforcement: Responsible for investigating and apprehending suspects.
- Courts: Decide on guilt or innocence of defendants and impose sentences.
- Corrections: Supervise and rehabilitate convicted offenders.
- Community Justice: Provides alternative sentencing options and reintegration programs.

History of Policing in Canada

Metropolitan Police Act (1829): Established the first modern police force in London.
Watch and Ward System: A system of neighborhood-based surveillance where individuals took turns guarding the community.
Peels’ Nine Principles of Policing (1829):
- Prevent crime
- Maintain public order
- Protect life and property
- Be impartial
- Gain public cooperation
- Emphasize fairness and justice
- Use of force as last resort
- Maintain a visible presence in the community
- Be disciplined and professional
- The public being the police and the police being the public

Policing in Canada

Levels of policing in Canada:
- Federal: RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)
- Provincial:
  - Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)
  - Quebec Provincial Police (SQ)
  - Sûreté du Québec
  - RCMP (in provinces where there is no provincial police force)
- Municipal: Local police forces
Three Provincial Police Services in Canada:
- OPP (Ontario Provincial Police) - 1932
- SQ (Sûreté du Québec) - 1932
- **RCMP **
Comprehensive Police Services Act:
- Provides a framework for policing in Ontario.
- Outlines the responsibilities and powers of police officers.
- Governs the structure and operation of police services.

Standards and Hierarchy

Recruitment standards for policing:
- Physical fitness
- Psychological evaluation
- Background checks
- Education and training
- Integrity and values
Hierarchy system in policing:
- A system of command based on rank and seniority.
- Operates on a chain of command, with a clear line of authority from the chief of police to the rank-and-file officers.

Models of Policing

SARA Model: A problem-solving approach to policing that involves:
- Scanning: Identifying crime or disorder problem.
- Analysis: Understanding the root causes of the problem
- Response: Developing and implementing solutions
- Assessment: Evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions
CAPRA Model: A community-based approach to policing that emphasizes:
- Community: Focus on building relationships with community members.
- Accountability: Police officers are accountable to the community.
- Problem-solving: Use of a problem-solving approach to address crime.
- Resources: Leveraging resources from the community and other agencies.
- Assessment: Evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions

Police Powers and Authorities

Police authority:
- Derived from legislation (statutory law)
- Granted by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Limited by the Constitution
Section 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms:
- Section 7: Protects the right to life, liberty, and security of the person.
- Section 8: Protects the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure.
- Section 9: Protects the right to not be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned.
- Section 10: Protects the right to be informed of the reasons for arrest or detention and to retain and instruct counsel.
Police authorities from S.495(1) of the Criminal Code:
- Power to arrest someone found committing an offence - If there are reasonable grounds to arrest.
- Power to arrest someone who has been found guilty of an offence and is at risk of committing another offense
- Power to arrest someone who has been found guilty of an offence and is at risk of not appearing in court
- Power to arrest someone who has been found guilty of an offence and is at risk of harming someone
Types of offences in Canada:
- Summary Offences: Less serious offenses that are tried in provincial court. Examples: disorderly conduct, minor theft.
- Indictable Offences: More serious offenses that are tried in superior court. Examples: murder, robbery, assault.
- Hybrid Offences: Offenses that can be prosecuted as either summary or indictable offences. Examples: assault causing bodily harm, theft over $5000.

Interrogation, Search, and Use of Force

Custodial Interviewing: An interview conducted with a suspect who is in police custody.
Non-custodial Interviewing: An interview conducted with a suspect outside of police custody.
Search Authorities of Police:
- Search warrant: Legal document issued by a judge authorizing a search of a person or property.
- Consent search: Search conducted with the consent of the person being searched.
- Plain view doctrine: Allows police to seize evidence that is in plain view during a lawful search.
Use of Force Framework:
- Provides a legal and policy framework for police officers' use of force.
- Ensures the use of force is reasonable and necessary.
- Assists police officers by justifying their use of force in certain situations.
S. 25 of the Criminal Code of Canada:
- Exempts police officers from criminal responsibility for actions taken in the performance of their duties that are reasonable and necessary in the circumstances.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the key components and principles of the Sara and Capra models of policing. Learn how these models emphasize community engagement and strategic responses to enhance public safety. Understand the importance of problem-oriented policing and collaborative strategies in modern law enforcement.