Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the filament (cathode) within an X-ray tube?
What is the primary function of the filament (cathode) within an X-ray tube?
- To generate electrons through thermionic emission. (correct)
- To focus the X-ray beam towards the patient.
- To cool the anode by dissipating heat.
- To accelerate electrons towards the anode.
In X-ray production, what determines the energy (penetrating power) of the X-ray photons?
In X-ray production, what determines the energy (penetrating power) of the X-ray photons?
- The voltage applied between the cathode and anode. (correct)
- The type of collimation used.
- The atomic number of the filament material.
- The current flowing through the filament.
Why is a vacuum created inside the glass or metal enclosure(ampolla) of an X-ray tube?
Why is a vacuum created inside the glass or metal enclosure(ampolla) of an X-ray tube?
- To reduce the heat produced during X-ray generation.
- To increase the speed of electrons traveling from cathode to anode.
- To minimize the risk of electrical arcing.
- To prevent emitted electrons from colliding with gas atoms, which would reduce their energy. (correct)
What characteristic of tungsten makes it suitable for use as the anode (target material) in an X-ray tube?
What characteristic of tungsten makes it suitable for use as the anode (target material) in an X-ray tube?
How would decreasing the anode angle improve the image in X-ray tubes?
How would decreasing the anode angle improve the image in X-ray tubes?
If an X-ray tube is operated at a higher voltage (kV), what is most likely to occur?
If an X-ray tube is operated at a higher voltage (kV), what is most likely to occur?
What is the function of the lead housing (blindaje) that encases an X-ray tube?
What is the function of the lead housing (blindaje) that encases an X-ray tube?
What is the primary effect of using filtration (Cu, Al) in the X-ray beam?
What is the primary effect of using filtration (Cu, Al) in the X-ray beam?
How do rotating anodes improve X-ray tube performance compared to stationary anodes?
How do rotating anodes improve X-ray tube performance compared to stationary anodes?
Which of the following is a primary factor influencing the heel effect in X-ray imaging?
Which of the following is a primary factor influencing the heel effect in X-ray imaging?
How does the use of a smaller focal spot size affect radiographic image quality?
How does the use of a smaller focal spot size affect radiographic image quality?
What purpose does the collimator serve in diagnostic X-ray equipment?
What purpose does the collimator serve in diagnostic X-ray equipment?
In terms of X-ray interactions with matter, what is indicated by Radiación de frenado (Bremsstrahlung)?
In terms of X-ray interactions with matter, what is indicated by Radiación de frenado (Bremsstrahlung)?
What best describes the effect of increased mA (milli amperage).
What best describes the effect of increased mA (milli amperage).
What is the typical tube current range in diagnostic X-ray tubes?
What is the typical tube current range in diagnostic X-ray tubes?
What best describes the reason for using digital radiography?
What best describes the reason for using digital radiography?
To avoid una imagen inaceptable (unacceptable image), how should the properties of any given X-ray tube be?
To avoid una imagen inaceptable (unacceptable image), how should the properties of any given X-ray tube be?
If heat is generated at the anode during an X-ray, how many ways are there this heat can be dispelled?
If heat is generated at the anode during an X-ray, how many ways are there this heat can be dispelled?
During X-ray generation, a lot of energy is lost to heat, what is the fraction?
During X-ray generation, a lot of energy is lost to heat, what is the fraction?
In what way is digital subtraction angiography (DSA) useful?
In what way is digital subtraction angiography (DSA) useful?
What do direct digital receptors primarily depend on for their functionality?
What do direct digital receptors primarily depend on for their functionality?
What causes the heel effect?
What causes the heel effect?
What is the correct order of steps in standard (non direct, non digital) image receptors?
What is the correct order of steps in standard (non direct, non digital) image receptors?
How does a 'blindaje' protect from radiation?
How does a 'blindaje' protect from radiation?
Why is important to have vacuum within the glass, metal or ampolla (tube)?
Why is important to have vacuum within the glass, metal or ampolla (tube)?
How does filtration primarily function in the X-ray beam?
How does filtration primarily function in the X-ray beam?
What can be said about the usage of analogic films?
What can be said about the usage of analogic films?
The filtration for tension from 50-70 kV tension should be above?
The filtration for tension from 50-70 kV tension should be above?
The detector dynamic range dictates what?
The detector dynamic range dictates what?
What is the main function of the generator?
What is the main function of the generator?
There exist 'types of digital image receptors', what is the difference between Direct (DR) and Standard image receptors?
There exist 'types of digital image receptors', what is the difference between Direct (DR) and Standard image receptors?
For direct digital systems compared to standard imaging systems, what is typically not needed?
For direct digital systems compared to standard imaging systems, what is typically not needed?
What is the primary advantage of using software for podologÃa (podology)?
What is the primary advantage of using software for podologÃa (podology)?
What is the purpose of the wolframio anode?
What is the purpose of the wolframio anode?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of digital systems?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of digital systems?
How does more corriente (current) lead to more rayos X (xrays)?
How does more corriente (current) lead to more rayos X (xrays)?
What statements are correct regarding the function of digital systems?
What statements are correct regarding the function of digital systems?
What are the main components of a cathode?
What are the main components of a cathode?
Aluminum filtration is added to which part to reduce skin damage?
Aluminum filtration is added to which part to reduce skin damage?
What best describes 'estereotactic digital mammography'?
What best describes 'estereotactic digital mammography'?
In terms of digital imaging, what does CR mean?
In terms of digital imaging, what does CR mean?
In X-ray equipment schematics, what correctly indicates the location of the filters?
In X-ray equipment schematics, what correctly indicates the location of the filters?
If the high tension is connected to the anode and cathode, what would be the correct interpretation?
If the high tension is connected to the anode and cathode, what would be the correct interpretation?
If the electrons are set to impact the anode, which of the following is true?
If the electrons are set to impact the anode, which of the following is true?
If the electrons within the tube are set to interact with the nucleus of the wolframio atoms in the anode, what happens?
If the electrons within the tube are set to interact with the nucleus of the wolframio atoms in the anode, what happens?
If electrons are set to impact the anode, what is the percentage of kinetic energy that is converted into x-rays?
If electrons are set to impact the anode, what is the percentage of kinetic energy that is converted into x-rays?
In an X-ray tube, what could be increased to produce greater cantidad (quantity) of Rayos X (X-rays)?
In an X-ray tube, what could be increased to produce greater cantidad (quantity) of Rayos X (X-rays)?
Why is wolframio especially used for the anode?
Why is wolframio especially used for the anode?
Consider a long and short filament, if we were to double the use of the long one, what would happen?
Consider a long and short filament, if we were to double the use of the long one, what would happen?
If the electrons are dispersed when arriving at the 'mancha focal' or focal spot on the anode, how can we fix this?
If the electrons are dispersed when arriving at the 'mancha focal' or focal spot on the anode, how can we fix this?
What is the effect of having the 'corona exterior (blanco)' cut at an angle?
What is the effect of having the 'corona exterior (blanco)' cut at an angle?
How does a smaller anode angle impact the image?
How does a smaller anode angle impact the image?
What is the ideal range for the 'Angulos anódicos'?
What is the ideal range for the 'Angulos anódicos'?
Imagine the anode is very rough due to corrosion. What is expected?
Imagine the anode is very rough due to corrosion. What is expected?
What are the three mechanisms for 'disipation del calor'?
What are the three mechanisms for 'disipation del calor'?
What is the name for the radiation that escapes the main and primary bundle?
What is the name for the radiation that escapes the main and primary bundle?
Which of the following is true regarding 'filtracion inherente'?
Which of the following is true regarding 'filtracion inherente'?
What is the goal of using filters?
What is the goal of using filters?
If the tension increases, what must happen with the filters?
If the tension increases, what must happen with the filters?
What is the function of the 'generador'?
What is the function of the 'generador'?
When selecting parameters, what does the 'mA' primarily control?
When selecting parameters, what does the 'mA' primarily control?
When selecting parameters, what does the 'kV' control?
When selecting parameters, what does the 'kV' control?
What are the 'Receptores de imagen'?
What are the 'Receptores de imagen'?
What best describes 'RadiologÃa Analógica'?
What best describes 'RadiologÃa Analógica'?
What best describes 'Intensificador de imagen'?
What best describes 'Intensificador de imagen'?
How would you describe 'digital systems'?
How would you describe 'digital systems'?
What does the acronym 'CR' mean?
What does the acronym 'CR' mean?
What does the acronym 'DR' ('Direct Radiography') mean?
What does the acronym 'DR' ('Direct Radiography') mean?
In digital systems, what is true about the 'señal electrica'?
In digital systems, what is true about the 'señal electrica'?
What is one of the disadvantages of digital systems?
What is one of the disadvantages of digital systems?
Which is more desirable, under exposure, or over exposure in digital systems?
Which is more desirable, under exposure, or over exposure in digital systems?
While analogic systems showed a bad image if there was a parameter problem, what happens with digital ones?
While analogic systems showed a bad image if there was a parameter problem, what happens with digital ones?
What happens if there is an 'amplio rango dinamico' on the receptor?
What happens if there is an 'amplio rango dinamico' on the receptor?
What is a potential con with digital systems?
What is a potential con with digital systems?
The slide references ''radiación de frenado'' and ''colisiones inelásticas'', what is similar about both?
The slide references ''radiación de frenado'' and ''colisiones inelásticas'', what is similar about both?
If 'la columna vertebral torácica' is thicker, the slide suggests to point what?
If 'la columna vertebral torácica' is thicker, the slide suggests to point what?
What type of tube is shown in the diagram?
What type of tube is shown in the diagram?
According to the information, is the 'efecto talon' always necessarily negative?
According to the information, is the 'efecto talon' always necessarily negative?
When going computarized, what is eliminated?
When going computarized, what is eliminated?
What is the purpose of an estudio programado?
What is the purpose of an estudio programado?
What happens with the digital images when going from analogic conventional to digital?
What happens with the digital images when going from analogic conventional to digital?
If an exposure is repeated, what is true?
If an exposure is repeated, what is true?
What is a potential problem within digital systems, that doctors should watch out for?
What is a potential problem within digital systems, that doctors should watch out for?
What is the filtration minima for tension between 50-70 kV?
What is the filtration minima for tension between 50-70 kV?
If you set both, the filament, and the receptor, too far relative to the object, you should expect what?
If you set both, the filament, and the receptor, too far relative to the object, you should expect what?
Considering a scenario where an X-ray tube's filament has undergone significant thinning over time, which of the following adjustments would least compensate for the resulting decrease in electron emission?
Considering a scenario where an X-ray tube's filament has undergone significant thinning over time, which of the following adjustments would least compensate for the resulting decrease in electron emission?
In a digital radiography system used for podiatric imaging, an unexpected artifact appears consistently across multiple images, but only when using a specific X-ray tube. Despite standard quality control checks passing, which component is the most likely source of this recurring artifact?
In a digital radiography system used for podiatric imaging, an unexpected artifact appears consistently across multiple images, but only when using a specific X-ray tube. Despite standard quality control checks passing, which component is the most likely source of this recurring artifact?
You are tasked with optimizing image quality while minimizing radiation dose in a podiatric X-ray unit utilizing digital radiography. Which strategy would best leverage the advantages of digital receptors over traditional film-screen receptors?
You are tasked with optimizing image quality while minimizing radiation dose in a podiatric X-ray unit utilizing digital radiography. Which strategy would best leverage the advantages of digital receptors over traditional film-screen receptors?
In digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for podiatric vascular assessment, the initial 'mask' image is imperfect due to unexpected patient movement during acquisition. How would sophisticated motion-correction algorithms most effectively improve the diagnostic utility of subsequent subtracted images?
In digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for podiatric vascular assessment, the initial 'mask' image is imperfect due to unexpected patient movement during acquisition. How would sophisticated motion-correction algorithms most effectively improve the diagnostic utility of subsequent subtracted images?
An X-ray technologist consistently notes that podiatric radiographs taken using a specific digital radiography unit appear 'grainy' despite adjustments to mAs and kVp. Knowing that 'quantum mottle' increases graininess, what is the most effective strategy to mitigate this issue, assuming all equipment is functioning per manufacturer specifications?
An X-ray technologist consistently notes that podiatric radiographs taken using a specific digital radiography unit appear 'grainy' despite adjustments to mAs and kVp. Knowing that 'quantum mottle' increases graininess, what is the most effective strategy to mitigate this issue, assuming all equipment is functioning per manufacturer specifications?
Flashcards
What is a ray of electrons?
What is a ray of electrons?
High-energy electron stream directed at a target.
What is needed to produce X-Rays?
What is needed to produce X-Rays?
A source of electrons, a target material, and acceleration.
What is an X-ray tube?
What is an X-ray tube?
A tube with a vacuum, cathode and anode.
What does an X-Ray tube do?
What does an X-Ray tube do?
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What is a Heated Filament (Cathode)?
What is a Heated Filament (Cathode)?
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What is the role of the anode (target)?
What is the role of the anode (target)?
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Define 'Voltage' in X-ray production.
Define 'Voltage' in X-ray production.
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What about vacuum inside the X-Ray tube?
What about vacuum inside the X-Ray tube?
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Interaction with the nucleus?
Interaction with the nucleus?
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Interaction with inner electrons?
Interaction with inner electrons?
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What is the cathode's role?
What is the cathode's role?
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What makes up the cathode?
What makes up the cathode?
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What is the Focal Spot?
What is the Focal Spot?
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Why use a smaller focal spot?
Why use a smaller focal spot?
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What is a focusing cup?
What is a focusing cup?
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What is the anode?
What is the anode?
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What is the nature of anodes?
What is the nature of anodes?
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How is heat dissipated from the anode?
How is heat dissipated from the anode?
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What is the Anode Angle?
What is the Anode Angle?
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What is the Anode Heel Effect?
What is the Anode Heel Effect?
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Compensating for uneven thickness.
Compensating for uneven thickness.
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What is Tube Shielding?
What is Tube Shielding?
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Filtering with material thickness.
Filtering with material thickness.
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Patient skin dose reduction.
Patient skin dose reduction.
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What is the X-ray Generator?
What is the X-ray Generator?
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Functions of mA and kV.
Functions of mA and kV.
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About Recepetors of image
About Recepetors of image
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What are analog receivers?
What are analog receivers?
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Digital technology
Digital technology
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Details of System Digitales CR
Details of System Digitales CR
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What is 'signal'?
What is 'signal'?
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Transicion from radiology convenction...
Transicion from radiology convenction...
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Study Notes
Physical characteristics of podological radiodiagnostic equipment
Introduction
- Radiography involves an X-ray generator, an object or patient, and an image receptor to create an image for diagnostic purposes.
- Production of X-rays involves transmission through an object from a tube, resulting in an image formation.
Key Elements for X-Ray Production
- A focused beam of electrons with high kinetic energy must be created.
- The use of a target made from a high atomic number element.
- Direct the electron beam towards the target, allowing for impact and energy loss.
How to Produce X-Rays
- Production of X-rays requires a source of electrons, a filament (cathode), a target material for electron collision, and a voltage system to accelerate the electrons to Blanco (anode).
- When electrons move at high speeds through a material, interactions occur
- With the nucleus, it involves radiation of Bremsstrahlung also known as radiative collision
- With electrons in the cortex, it involves characteristic radiation also known as inelastic collisions.
X-Ray Tube
- Radiation is generated in the x-ray tube and consists of a generator, a high voltage, a system to focus, an ampoule, an anode, a cathode, rays, a filament and electrons.
Components
- Generators, tube, controls for collimators, connectors, rotor, anode, cathode, filaments(foci), collimators, cupola focusing.
Tube Components
Ampoule
- The tube is made of a glass/metal ampoule, which has had all the air sucked out
- This creates a vacuum so that the electrons do not interact with atoms
Cathode
- The cathode is the negative electrode in the X-ray tube and comprises a filament and cupola focusing device.
- Filaments are metallic wires coiled in the shape of a spiral that discharges electrons through the thermionic effect/Edison effect, using electricity
- Electrons gain energy to escape when applied to metal that form a cloud of charge around the filament and create electric current in the tube when accelerating towards the anode.
- Tungsten (W) is used for filaments due to its high melting point, low evaporation and high thermionic emissivity.
- Most X-ray tubes have 2 filaments and a cathode of normal size.
- Two filaments of different sizes give large and small foci.
- The small focus provides better image quality, but a lower number of electrons and a slower shutter speed (possibility of movement).
- Lower image quality, with a greater geometric penumbra, but have less trigger time.
Cupola Focusing
- The cupola of focus is a metal structure housing the filament.
- Its function consists of preventing the scatter of beams of electrons, this would cause an excessively wide focal mark.
- Higher current leads to a higher temperature, creating more electrons.
Anodes
- Anodes are where electrons are directed to after being generated in the filament using the energy of potentia.
- They can be stationary or rotating.
- Rotating anodes are more popular as they last longer and can withstand greater amounts of heat.
- The dissipation of heat from the anode is done through radiation, conduction or convection.
- Due to the high amount of radiation of Bremsstrahlung created, Wolframio(W) as a high atomic number (Z)
- Since It endures high tempatures, it has a high melting point.
- Low Evaporation does not endager vacuum conditions.
- High thermal conductivity quickly eliminates the produced heat.
- The tungsten target is normally alloyed with rhenium and deposited into a thin layer on the molybdenum disk, and this is overlaid on graphite on the surface.
- The inclination or angle of the cutting-edge in the anode allows better dissipation of heat.
- Smaller anodic angles provide high picture resolution
- Anodic angles typically range from 5° to 15°.
Heel effect
- Intensity of the radiation emitted by the cathode is greater than that emitted by the anode.
- A column vertebral torácica supports the body, allowing that patients thicker parts face towards the cathode.
Shielding tube
- The tube is encased in lead to focus photons (primary beam) throught the window.
- The lead reduces emissions in undesirable areas to 1mGy/h at lm of a metre when power is at its max, it also protects against high voltage and electric shock.
- The shielding serves as a support for the RX tube.
Filters
- Material often composed of cupper, aluminum reduces lower energy radiation for imaging production.
- Hardens beams of radiation
- Filtration increase the average energy in X-rays that hardens rays
- Filtration also produces attenuation.
- The amount that filters depends on whether it was already present and whether it was added
- Inherent filtration refers to tubes already present, and added filtration contributes addition filtration.
- Total filtration is when inherent and added are combined
- There is a minimal filtration level like >1.5mm AI between 50-70kv ->2.5mm Al that has tensions that exceed 70 kV an infiltration of interventions of 4 to 5 mm Al.
Generators
- Generators select parameters of the exposure at a control panel, this system supplies power to the tube and the rotating anodes.
- Prevent combinations of parameters that threaten the x ray tube.
- Energy is used for removing electrons from a filament, to create a current or Voltaje (kV)
Receptors
- Receptors allows visible imaging from primary radiation exiting an XRay tube
- Analogics
- Card-film creates conventional radiology using images as screen
- Digital
- CR is a chassis of cards using digital imagine in conventional systems that are analog
- DR is a digital image where integrated signals are in interventional systems with mammographys that may occur during conventional use.
- The process includes patient preparation, placing, imaging, imaging control, patient control for future filing.
- A negatoscopio is used to view images
- X-rays produce a photo electrical image that produces 3,000 lights by electrones to produce the intensificator.
- These image is amplified using intenitification.
- A system of intensifying image is made upon a screen of TV with the camera
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Description
This lesson explores the physical characteristics of radiodiagnostic equipment used in podiatry. It details the key elements and processes involved in X-ray production, including electron beams, targets, and voltage systems. Learn how interactions at the atomic level lead to the formation of diagnostic images.
