Pneumonia Pathophysiology and Management

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What is the primary location of the infection in pneumonia?

Lung Parenchyma
Large airways
Bronchi
Small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the tissues around them (correct)

What is the term for pneumonia acquired in hospitals?

Community-acquired pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia (correct)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Hospital-acquired infection

Which type of pneumonia occurs more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation?

Nosocomial pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (correct)

What is the ranking of pneumonia as a cause of death worldwide?

Sixth (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group most affected by pneumonia?

Not specified in the text (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for pneumonia acquired in the community?

Community-acquired pneumonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the upper respiratory tract?

To filter out pathogens and foreign particles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract?

To remove pathogens from the tract (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an infectious organism reaching the alveoli?

The production of exudate that fills alveolar spaces (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication that can occur in up to 40% of cases of pneumonia?

Pleural effusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the inflammatory response in the lungs?

Reduced gaseous exchange (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pulmonary oedema on lung function?

It impairs lung expansion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in deciding whether to treat a patient with pneumonia at home or in the hospital?

Ability to maintain hydration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of elevating the head of the bed at a 30 to 45 degree angle in patients on mechanical ventilation?

To reduce the risk of VAP (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of improvement in a patient with pneumonia?

Resolution of fever (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine offers protection against pneumonia in young children?

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nutritional feeding through a post-pyloric opening?

To bypass the possibility of regurgitation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of pneumonia that may require tube placement?

Empyema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of falling oxygen and rising carbon dioxide levels on the body?

Increased heart rate and increased respiratory rate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity?

Empyema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of bronchitis?

Inflammation of the bronchi (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at increased risk for developing pneumonia?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the infection of the alveoli?

Pneumonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing respiratory failure?

Chronic disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of conducting sputum Gram’s stain and culture in patients with pneumonia?

To identify the causative organism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to start antibiotics timely in patients with bacterial pneumonia?

To prevent complications and improve patient outcomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting bronchoscopy in patients with pneumonia?

To assess the need for resistance to HAP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring pulse oximetry and/or ABGs in patients with pneumonia?

To monitor for respiratory failure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of preventive measures against HAP?

To minimize the risk of aspiration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring for expected improvements in patients with pneumonia?

To assess the patient's response to antibiotics (B) Signup and view all the answers