Pneumonia Overview

Pneumonia Overview

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs' air sacs called alveoli. It can occur due to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or even chemical irritants; however, most cases result from bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae. While it affects people of all ages, older adults and infants with underdeveloped immune systems are more susceptible.

Causes

The primary cause of pneumonia is the spread of germs through respiratory droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, and close contact with infected individuals. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as lung disease, weakened immune system, and genetic disorders may increase one's risk. Certain medications, like antibiotics and steroids, can also lead to secondary forms of pneumonia.

Symptoms

Common symptoms associated with pneumonia include fever, chills, productive cough (with mucus), shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of appetite, and confusion in elderly patients. These symptoms often develop over several days and worsen rapidly without proper treatment.

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will typically diagnose pneumonia based on the patient's history, physical examination, and tests including chest x-ray, blood tests, sputum culture, and arterial blood gas test if needed.

Treatment

Treatment usually involves antimicrobials targeting the specific type of infectious agent causing the condition. For community-acquired pneumonias, a course of oral antibiotics is sufficient, while hospitalization might be required for severe cases. In some instances, supportive care measures like oxygen therapy, fluids, and pain relief may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventive strategies focus primarily on vaccination, hygiene practices, and maintaining overall health. Vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae, Hib and pneumococcus, which commonly cause childhood pneumonia, exist. Furthermore, frequent handwashing, staying away from sick individuals, avoiding smoking, and keeping up-to-date immunizations help prevent transmission and reduce chances of developing this illness.