Respiratory System PATHOLOGY BMS CLASS

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Questions and Answers

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the partial pressure of gas in blood and acid-base content?

Arterial Blood Gases (correct)

MRI/MRA

Spirometry

Chest X-Ray (CXR)

What does spirometry measure?

Partial pressure of gas in blood and acid-base content

Exudative pleural effusion

Lung neoplasia

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) (correct)

When is a pleural biopsy performed?

To evaluate lung neoplasia (correct)

To measure arterial blood gases

To determine the pH in the blood

To assess exudative pleural effusion

What does a chest X-ray (CXR) primarily image?

Structures within the chest cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sputum analysis?

To identify infectious agents in the respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What does arterial blood gas (ABG) measure?

Partial pressure of gas in blood and acid-base content Signup and view all the answers

What does a spirometry measure directly?

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) Signup and view all the answers

CT imaging is primarily used for imaging which part of the body?

Chest cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected range for pH levels in arterial blood?

7.35-7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What does a pleural biopsy help to determine?

Cause of exudative pleural effusion or lung neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological hallmark of asthma?

Thickening of the airway epithelium and secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Age under 30 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative factor for acute bronchitis?

Overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus from goblet cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the major abnormality in cystic fibrosis?

Dehydration of mucosal surfaces and visceral secretions Signup and view all the answers

What are the ocular manifestations associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

Excessive daytime somnolence Signup and view all the answers

How is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) diagnosed?

Chest CT Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis?

Chronic productive cough lasting 3 months or more occurring within a span of 2 years Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is recommended for obstructive sleep apnea?

Lifestyle changes and managing underlying medical conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the common treatment for asthma?

Inhaled glucocorticoids combined with beta-agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiological characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Damage to airways distal to terminal bronchioles causing abnormal and permanent dilatation of the airspaces Signup and view all the answers

Which viral organism is NOT commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia?

Parainfluenza virus 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common etiology of the 'common cold'?

Rhinoviruses Signup and view all the answers

Which test is more specific for diagnosing latent infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Interferon release assays (IGRA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of tuberculosis?

Caseating granulomas Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by noncaseating granulomas in various organs?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with lung neoplasms?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which infection primarily affects the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and large airways?

Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung cancer accounts for the highest percentage of cases?

Adenocarcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary manifestation of Pancoast-Tobias Syndrome?

Severe shoulder/arm pain Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lung cancers are Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

70-75% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung cancer accounts for 25-30% of cases?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Lung Pancoast Tumor?

Wide range of tumors invading the apical chest wall Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lung cancers are Small Cell Carcinoma (SCLC)?

20-25% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung cancer accounts for 10-15% of cases?

Large Cell Carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lung cancers are Combined pattern?

2%-10% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diagnostic Tests and Measurements

Arterial blood gas (ABG) evaluates partial pressure of gases in blood and acid-base balance.
Spirometry measures airflow and lung function, including the volume and speed of air inhaled and exhaled.
Chest X-ray (CXR) primarily images the lungs and can help identify pneumonias, tumors, or fluid accumulation.
Sputum analysis serves to identify pathogens causing respiratory infections and assess lung health.
CT imaging is primarily used for detailed imaging of the lungs and mediastinum.

Clinical Procedures and Indicators

A pleural biopsy is performed to determine the nature of pleural effusions or suspected malignancies.
A pleural biopsy helps differentiate between benign and malignant conditions in the pleura.
The physiological hallmark of asthma is reversible airway obstruction due to bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation.

Respiratory Conditions and Risk Factors

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and spirometry.
The characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis is a chronic productive cough with mucus production.
Treatment for obstructive sleep apnea often includes lifestyle changes, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or oral appliances.
Common treatment for asthma involves inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and avoidance of triggers.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The major abnormality in cystic fibrosis involves thick, viscous secretions affecting mucous glands, particularly in the lungs and pancreas.
Most common cause of lung cancer is smoking, contributing to malignant transformation of lung tissue.
Noncaseating granulomas in various organs are characteristic of sarcoidosis.

Infections and Causative Agents

Acute bronchitis is primarily caused by viral infections, with the common cold being the leading etiology.
Viral organisms not commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia include those outside the respiratory viral spectrum, such as rotaviruses.

Lung Cancer Specifics

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma being the most common subtypes.
Small Cell Carcinoma (SCLC) comprises about 10-15% of lung cancers; it is aggressive and often associated with extensive disease.
Combined pattern lung cancers feature more than one type histologically and account for a small percentage of overall lung cancers.

Symptoms and Manifestations

Primary manifestation of Pancoast-Tobias Syndrome includes shoulder pain and Horner's syndrome due to tumors at the lung apex.
Ocular manifestations associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) include conditions such as glaucoma and retinal problems.
Symptoms not commonly associated with lung neoplasms include gastrointestinal disturbances, which are unrelated to respiratory pathology.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the symptoms and diagnostic procedures for pneumonia, a common lung infection in older adults. Learn about the presenting signs, imaging findings, and laboratory tests used to diagnose this condition.