Pneumonia Overview and Types

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Questions and Answers

How long is the incubation period for Ebola virus symptoms to typically appear?

6-10 days

1-3 days

15-30 days

2-21 days (correct)

What is a common mode of transmission for Ebola virus?

Consumption of contaminated water

Insect bites

Direct contact with contaminated body fluids (correct)

Airborne particles

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the early stage of Ebola infection?

Abdominal pain

Anorexia

Capillary leak (correct)

Fatigue

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the mid stage of Ebola infection?

Difficulty breathing/respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

Which environment poses a risk for Ebola transmission?

Objects contaminated with body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in the home?

Isolate the infected person Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the BCG vaccine?

To provide protection against Mycobacterium bovis Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis?

Ultrasound imaging Signup and view all the answers

What reaction indicates a past tuberculosis infection in a skin test?

Area of induration 10 mm or greater Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly used as a potent anti-TB treatment?

Pyrazinamide Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom before seeking treatment for active tuberculosis?

Gradual worsening of symptoms over weeks Signup and view all the answers

How often should health care workers undergo TB surveillance?

Routine, periodic tuberculin skin testing Signup and view all the answers

Ventilation in a room with a TB patient helps to:

Remove infectious droplet nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with pneumonia?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary feature that distinguishes hospital-acquired pneumonia from community-acquired pneumonia?

It is acquired during a hospital stay. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is at higher risk for developing pneumonia?

Infants from birth to 2 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of aspiration pneumonia?

It results from inhaling bacteria from food or drink. Signup and view all the answers

Walking pneumonia is best described as:

A milder case that may go unnoticed. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a known risk factor for pneumonia?

Having a strong immune system Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates ventilator-associated pneumonia from other types of pneumonia?

It occurs after endotracheal intubation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of community-acquired pneumonia?

Acquiring the infection outside of a healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

What does a CT or MRI scan determine regarding lung health?

The degree of lung damage Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the presence of giant cells in a needle biopsy of lung tissue?

Necrosis is occurring Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a latent TB infection?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that may arise if tuberculosis is not treated properly?

Pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in the context of latent TB infection?

It builds a wall around the germs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be an abnormal result in arterial blood gases (ABGs) due to TB?

Low oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What test is primarily used to show inflammation and altered lung tissue?

Bronchoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional requirements are essential for TB germs to survive?

Oxygen, nutrients, and adequate pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of PCR tests over antigen tests for COVID-19 diagnosis?

PCR tests provide more reliable results. Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing goal indicates effective infection control for a patient diagnosed with COVID-19?

Patient is able to prevent the spread of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when using antibody tests in relation to current COVID-19 infection?

They are not suitable for diagnosing current infections. Signup and view all the answers

Why is social distancing advised for individuals in contact with suspected COVID-19 cases?

To reduce the risk of virus transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first priority for nurses when providing care for a client suspected of having COVID-19?

Handwashing Signup and view all the answers

If a patient shows hazy gray areas on an x-ray, what could that indicate?

Fluid, pus, or cells filling the air space in the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of nursing management for a patient with COVID-19 regarding their anxiety levels?

Patient is able to reduce anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in the nursing assessment of a patient suspected to have COVID-19?

Evaluating exposure to affected individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pneumonia

Infection affecting one or both lungs
Air sacs (alveoli) fill with fluid or pus
Types:
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside healthcare facility
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Acquired during hospitalization
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Acquired after 48 hours of endotracheal intubation
- Aspiration pneumonia: Inhaling bacteria from food, drink, or saliva
- Walking pneumonia: Milder case, may not be noticeable
Risk Factors: Infants, elderly, weakened immune systems, chronic medical conditions (asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes), exposure to irritants
Diagnosis:
- Chest X-ray: Identifies fluid or pus buildup
- CT or MRI scan: Determines lung damage
- Bronchoscopy: Shows inflammation and lung tissue changes
- Histologic/tissue cultures: Identify bacteria or other pathogens
- Needle biopsy: Identifies TB granulomas and giant cells
- Electrolytes, ABGs, Pulmonary function studies Assess overall health and lung function

Tuberculosis

Latent TB infection: Immune system controls the infection, but bacteria remains dormant
Active TB infection: Immune system cannot control the infection, causing disease in the lungs or other body parts
Transmission: Direct contact with respiratory droplets from an infected individual
Diagnosis:
- Sputum culture: Positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Ziehl-Neelsen stain: Positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
- Skin tests (PPD or OT): Positive reaction indicates past infection and presence of antibodies
Treatment: Anti-TB drugs such as rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
Complications: Pneumothorax, respiratory failure, pneumonia

Ebola

Transmission: Direct contact with infected blood, body fluids, or objects contaminated with body fluids
Incubation period: 2-21 days, average 8-10 days
Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rash, sore throat
Complications: Bleeding, organ failure, shock, death

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Transmission: Droplets from infected individuals
Diagnosis:
- RT-PCR tests: Considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis
- Antigen tests: Faster results, less sensitive
- Antibody tests: Indicate past exposure, not current infection
Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headache, sore throat, congestion or runny nose, loss of taste or smell
Complications: Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, death

Nursing Management for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, COVID-19

Assessment: History of travel, contact with infected individuals, and symptoms
Nursing Goals: Prevent infection spread, educate patients, control body temperature, restore breathing patterns, reduce anxiety
Key Nursing Interventions: Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), isolation precautions, symptom management, education and support

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Description

This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of pneumonia, including its different types such as community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and aspiration pneumonia. Understand the risk factors, diagnostic methods, and key features associated with this lung infection. Test your knowledge on the essentials of pneumonia and improve your understanding of respiratory health.