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Pneumococcal resistance to βlactams can be overcome by increasing βlactam doses EXCEPT for:
Pneumococcal resistance to βlactams can be overcome by increasing βlactam doses EXCEPT for:
A 34-year-old patient visited the local hospital complaining of dry cough and malaise. What type of organism is most likely seen in his case?
A 34-year-old patient visited the local hospital complaining of dry cough and malaise. What type of organism is most likely seen in his case?
A patient with a dry cough and malaise can be treated with which of the following drugs?
A patient with a dry cough and malaise can be treated with which of the following drugs?
A 43-year-old male suffering from headache and sore throat, which developed gradually, came to the hospital. What is the most causative agent in his case?
A 43-year-old male suffering from headache and sore throat, which developed gradually, came to the hospital. What is the most causative agent in his case?
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A 42-year-old shepherd came to the primary care with chest pain and cough. What type of pneumonia does he have?
A 42-year-old shepherd came to the primary care with chest pain and cough. What type of pneumonia does he have?
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A person with Legionella pneumophila can be best treated with:
A person with Legionella pneumophila can be best treated with:
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What is the most common causative agent in ventilated patients with late-onset pneumonia?
What is the most common causative agent in ventilated patients with late-onset pneumonia?
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A 35-year-old male presents with fever and cough. He was well until 3 days earlier, when he suffered the onset of nasal stuffiness, mild sore throat, and a cough productive of small amounts of clear sputum. What is the likely diagnosis?
A 35-year-old male presents with fever and cough. He was well until 3 days earlier, when he suffered the onset of nasal stuffiness, mild sore throat, and a cough productive of small amounts of clear sputum. What is the likely diagnosis?
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What is the most common organism causing community-acquired pneumonia?
What is the most common organism causing community-acquired pneumonia?
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What is the most common nosocomial infection?
What is the most common nosocomial infection?
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What is the most likely causative agent in a 31-year-old male with chronic lung disease and taking corticosteroids?
What is the most likely causative agent in a 31-year-old male with chronic lung disease and taking corticosteroids?
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What is NOT a feature of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
What is NOT a feature of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
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What is the most common causative agent of early-onset nosocomial pneumonia?
What is the most common causative agent of early-onset nosocomial pneumonia?
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What is the most appropriate antibiotic for MRSA infection?
What is the most appropriate antibiotic for MRSA infection?
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What is the advantage of combining vancomycin with linezolid?
What is the advantage of combining vancomycin with linezolid?
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What is the most common pathogenicity of pneumonia?
What is the most common pathogenicity of pneumonia?
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What type of pneumonia does the patient with a clean history of familial illness, hospitalizations, or trauma have?
What type of pneumonia does the patient with a clean history of familial illness, hospitalizations, or trauma have?
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What is the most common pathogen that causes Community Acquired Pneumonia?
What is the most common pathogen that causes Community Acquired Pneumonia?
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What type of antibiotic is suitable for a patient with Community Acquired Pneumonia?
What type of antibiotic is suitable for a patient with Community Acquired Pneumonia?
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What type of pneumonia does a patient with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor oxygenation have?
What type of pneumonia does a patient with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor oxygenation have?
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What is one of the important processes in the pathogenesis of Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia?
What is one of the important processes in the pathogenesis of Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia?
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Which pathogen can cause Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia?
Which pathogen can cause Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia?
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How can Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia be prevented?
How can Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia be prevented?
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What is a symptom of the patient with Community Acquired Pneumonia?
What is a symptom of the patient with Community Acquired Pneumonia?
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What is the typical cause of bacterial pneumonia?
What is the typical cause of bacterial pneumonia?
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What is the most likely causative organism in a child with CAP?
What is the most likely causative organism in a child with CAP?
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Can a 28-year-old female with atypical CAP be treated with penicillin?
Can a 28-year-old female with atypical CAP be treated with penicillin?
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What is not used to diagnose atypical CAP?
What is not used to diagnose atypical CAP?
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What is the traditional approach to antipseudomonal drugs combination?
What is the traditional approach to antipseudomonal drugs combination?
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What is a major factor that increases the resistance of gram-negative bacilli?
What is a major factor that increases the resistance of gram-negative bacilli?
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What is the most likely causative organism in a child with CAP?
What is the most likely causative organism in a child with CAP?
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What is not a typical cause of bacterial pneumonia?
What is not a typical cause of bacterial pneumonia?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with an enlarged right anterior lobe of the lung and increased WBC level?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with an enlarged right anterior lobe of the lung and increased WBC level?
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What is the primary cause of lobar pneumonia?
What is the primary cause of lobar pneumonia?
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What is the best antibiotic to treat Mycoplasma pneumonia?
What is the best antibiotic to treat Mycoplasma pneumonia?
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Why are β-lactams not effective against Mycoplasma pneumonia?
Why are β-lactams not effective against Mycoplasma pneumonia?
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What is the best method to diagnose lobar pneumonia?
What is the best method to diagnose lobar pneumonia?
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What topical regimen is effective against MRSA?
What topical regimen is effective against MRSA?
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Study Notes
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is a type of infection that can be caused by various organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- The most common causative agents of pneumonia include:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common cause of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP))
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (most common cause of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP))
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (common cause of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP))
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (common cause of atypical CAP)
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
- Definition: Pneumonia acquired by a person with little contact with the healthcare system
- Most common cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Treatment: β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) are usually effective
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
- Definition: Pneumonia acquired by a person who has been hospitalized for at least 48 hours
- Most common cause: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA
- Treatment: Antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (e.g., antipseudomonal beta-lactam with a quinolone)
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
- Definition: Pneumonia acquired by a person who is on mechanical ventilation
- Most common cause: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Prevention: Oral regimen (topical Gentamicin, Colistin, Vancomycin cream given every 6h for 3 weeks)
Atypical Pneumonia
- Definition: Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Symptoms: Dry cough, fever, malaise
- Treatment: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin)
Microbiology
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae: bacteria with no cell wall, β-lactams are not effective
- Legionella pneumophila: bacteria that can cause severe pneumonia, often requires combination therapy with a macrolide and a rifampicin
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa: bacteria that can cause severe pneumonia, often requires combination therapy with an antipseudomonal beta-lactam and a quinolone
Pathogenesis
- Impairment of host defenses can increase the risk of pneumonia
- Microaspiration of upper airway secretions, through inapparent aspiration, can lead to pneumonia
- Bacterial colonization of the aerodigestive tract and aspiration of contaminated secretion into the lower airway can lead to VAP
Diagnosis
- Sputum Gram stain, blood culture, and pleural effusion culture can help diagnose pneumonia
- ESR and C-reactive protein can be used to diagnose atypical CAP
- Chest X-ray can help diagnose lobar pneumonia
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Description
A quiz on pneumonia, covering causative agents, ventilated patients, and late-onset pneumonia. Includes SAQ scenarios and MCQs.
