Cells and Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which of these are NOT properties of a cell?

  • Living
  • Simple / Doesn't Require Energy (correct)
  • Reproduce
  • Maintain Internal Environment / Homeostasis

The theory that all living things are composed of cells is in the cell theory.

True (A)

The main thing the cell membrane controls is the ______________ of molecules in and out of a cell.

  • Transportation (correct)
  • Production
  • Destruction
  • None of the above

What is the jelly-like material found within a cell called?

<p>Cytoplasm</p>
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What does the nucleus do?

<p>Control Center - Provides instructions for other organelles, contains chromosomes.</p>
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Carbohydrates + Oxygen</p>
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What is the role of mitochondria in cells?

<p>Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.</p>
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Lysosomes are responsible for producing energy.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Plant cells have chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Which of these are true about unicellular organisms?

<p>They are single-cell organisms, such as bacteria. (A), They rely on one cell to perform all functions (F)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue in the animal body?

<p>Ground Tissue (D)</p>
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Connective tissue supports protects and binds. An example in the animal body is blood.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Nervous tissue is involved with communication.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Ground tissue is organized so as to perform photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Technology is important in understanding and manipulating cells.

<p>True (A)</p>
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What are the major pros of manipulating cells?

<p>Better medicine, Stronger Crops, Learning about cells</p>
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Cancer cells are also known as abnormal cells.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Which of the following are factors that contribute to cancer (select all that apply)?

<p>Smoking (A), Sun Damage (B), Genetics (C), Diet (D), Exposure to infectious agents (E), All of the above (F)</p>
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There is a cure for cancer.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are the four main components of Cell Theory?

<p>All living things are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells DNA is the blueprint of the cell. Cells have the same basic chemical composition.</p>
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What is an example of a unicellular organism?

<p>Amoeba.</p>
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What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote with regards to their nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have a well-defined nucleus.</p>
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What is the function of the mitochondria in plant cells?

<p>Cellular Respiration (C)</p>
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The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Briefly explain the process of diffusion.

<p>Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.</p>
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Packaging and Distribution of Cellular Products (A)</p>
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What is the function of the lysosomes?

<p>Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.</p>
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>The ER is involved in protein synthesis and transportation, lipid metabolism, and detoxification.</p>
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What are the 5 main types of tissues in animals?

<p>Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous, and Plant Tissue.</p>
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What are the three types of plant tissue?

<p>Ground Tissue, Dermal Tissue, and Vascular Tissue.</p>
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Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Why is one more complex than the other?

<p>Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell that performs all functions necessary for life. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells that work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems, allowing for greater complexity and specialization of function.</p>
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What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>The cell wall provides structural support and protection for the plant cell.</p>
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What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants, and what do they transport?

<p>Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports sugars and other nutrients.</p>
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What is the connection between the concept of the cell and its ability to produce energy?

<p>Cells are the basic unit of life, and they require energy to carry out all their functions. Cellular respiration, a process occurring within mitochondria, is a key mechanism by which cells produce energy (ATP) from food molecules.</p>
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What is the purpose of mitosis?

<p>Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.</p>
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What differentiates osmosis from diffusion?

<p>Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion that involves the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.</p>
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What are the four main stages of mitosis, and what occurs during each stage?

<p>The four main stages of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. During telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.</p>
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Why are both the cell wall and cell membrane critical for plant cells?

<p>The cell wall provides structural support and protection for the plant cell, while the cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining cellular homeostasis.</p>
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Why is the nucleus considered the control center of the cell?

<p>The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material (DNA), which carries the instructions for all the cell's activities and functions.</p>
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What role does the vacuole play in plant cells, and how does it contribute to the plant's overall structure and function?

<p>The vacuole, a large, fluid-filled sac within plant cells, plays vital roles in maintaining cell turgor (rigidity), storing nutrients and waste products, and supporting the plant's overall structure. The vacuole's ability to regulate water pressure within the cell contributes to the plant's ability to maintain its shape and stand upright.</p>
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Why is the process of cell division critical for life?

<p>Cell division is fundamental for all life processes, including growth, repair, and reproduction. It allows organisms to increase in size, replace damaged or worn-out cells, and produce new individuals.</p>
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How does the cell membrane play a crucial role in maintaining a cell's internal environment?

<p>The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell, ensuring that the cell's internal environment remains stable despite changes in external conditions.</p>
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What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells? What are the necessary ingredients for the process to occur?

<p>The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, a process that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) in plant cells. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.</p>
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What are some examples of how technology has been used to understand cells?

<p>Advanced tools like electron microscopes allow scientists to analyze how cells work and interact with each other. This technology helps us make discoveries about cell functions, diseases, and treatments.</p>
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What is a potential benefit of manipulating cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p>
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What are some potential concerns associated with manipulating cells?

<p>Concerns include the potential for unintended consequences, ethical considerations regarding the modification of living organisms, and the potential for misuse or abuse of this technology.</p>
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Flashcards

Cell Membrane

A thin, flexible layer surrounding a cell, controlling what enters and leaves.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance filling the cell, holding organelles and enabling material movement.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranes transporting materials within and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, directing other organelles and containing genetic material (DNA).

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Ribosomes

Small organelles that produce proteins.

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Golgi Body

Organelle that modifies and packages proteins for use within or outside the cell.

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Vacuoles

Storage sacs for food, water, or waste.

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Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer found in plant cells, providing support.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that perform photosynthesis.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures on the cell surface for movement or trapping particles.

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Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes, helping break down waste.

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Active Transport

Movement of particles from low to high concentration, requiring energy.

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Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane.

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Plant Cell

Cell type having a cell wall and chloroplasts.

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Animal Cell

Cell type without a cell wall or chloroplasts.

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Mitosis

Cell division resulting in two identical cells.

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Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces of the body.

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Connective Tissue

Supports and connects parts of the body.

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Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth.

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Carcinogens

Substances that can cause cancer.

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Circulatory System

System that transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients.

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Respiratory System

System that takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

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What makes something living?

Living things are composed of cells, require energy, grow and repair themselves, reproduce, breathe, move, respond to their environment, produce waste, and have a lifespan.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes transporting materials within and out of the cell.

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Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells lack these features but have lysosomes.

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Muscle Tissue

Responsible for movement, allowing the body to contract and relax.

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Nervous Tissue

Responsible for communication, transmitting signals throughout the body.

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Ground Tissue

The bulk of a plant, performing photosynthesis and storing food.

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Dermal Tissue

The outer layer of a plant, protecting and regulating gas exchange.

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Vascular Tissue

Transports water, minerals, and sugars throughout a plant.

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Digestive System

System that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

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Study Notes

Cells

  • Cells are the basic units of life
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • All cells have the same basic chemical composition

Cell Membrane

  • Thin, flexible, skin-like layer surrounding the cell
  • Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
  • Includes diffusion and osmosis

Cytoplasm

  • Jelly-like material filling the cell
  • Provides support and structure for organelles
  • Allows materials to move safely around the cell

Nucleus

  • Spherical, dark organelle
  • Control center of the cell
  • Contains chromosomes, instructions for other organelles

Mitochondria

  • Oval-shaped organelles
  • Powerhouses of the cell
  • Break down food particles to release energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Folded membranes forming canals
  • Transports proteins and other materials through the cell

Ribosomes

  • Tiny circular structures
  • Produce proteins needed for cell growth, repair, and reproduction

Golgi Body

  • Folded membranes
  • Modifies proteins and sends them to their destination within or outside the cell

Vacuoles

  • Sack-like structures
  • Storage spaces for food, waste, and other materials

Cell Wall

  • Rigid outer layer found only in plant cells
  • Provides support and structure

Chloroplasts

  • Found only in plant cells
  • Contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
  • Location of photosynthesis

Lysosomes

  • Found only in animal cells
  • Contain enzymes to break down unwanted materials

Flagella and Cilia

  • Hair-like structures
  • Used for movement

Plant Cells vs Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
  • Animal cells have lysosomes

Mitosis

  • Process by which cells divide
  • DNA replicates, chromosomes are separated into two identical sets in two new nuclei
  • Two new cells are created from a single parent cell

Cell Processes

  • Diffusion - Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration (no energy required)
  • Osmosis - Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration (no energy required)
  • Active transport - Movement of particles against the concentration gradient (energy required)

Tissues

  • Groups of specialized cells working together
  • Examples include epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

Organs

  • Groups of tissues working together
  • Examples include heart, lungs, and stomach

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