Plutarch's Concepts of Classical Education

Plutarch and Good Education

Classical Education

• Plutarch believed that a good education should be based on the classical Greek model, which emphasized the development of intellectual and moral virtues.
• He saw education as a means to cultivate wisdom, justice, and self-control, and to prepare individuals for active citizenship and leadership.

Key Components of Classical Education

• Grammar and Literature: Plutarch stressed the importance of studying classical literature, particularly the works of Homer and other Greek poets, to develop language skills, critical thinking, and moral awareness.
• Philosophy and Ethics: He believed that philosophy and ethics should be taught to help individuals develop wisdom, reason, and moral character.
• Rhetoric and Oratory: Plutarch saw rhetoric and oratory skills as essential for effective communication and persuasion, and thus, for active participation in public life.
• Gymnastics and Physical Education: He advocated for physical education and gymnastics to develop physical strength, coordination, and discipline.

Aims of Classical Education

• Cultivate Wisdom: Plutarch believed that education should aim to cultivate wisdom, which he saw as the ability to make informed decisions and to distinguish between right and wrong.
• Develop Moral Character: He emphasized the importance of developing moral character, including virtues such as justice, courage, and self-control.
• Prepare for Active Citizenship: Plutarch saw education as a means to prepare individuals for active citizenship and leadership, enabling them to contribute to the well-being of their communities.

Plutarch's Critique of Contemporary Education

• Critique of Rhetorical Training: Plutarch criticized the narrow focus on rhetorical training in his time, which he saw as prioritizing style over substance and neglecting the development of wisdom and moral character.
• Emphasis on Practical Skills: He argued that education should focus on the development of practical skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making, rather than mere theoretical knowledge.