Plumbing, Sanitary & Gas Systems in Buildings

• The presentation covers plumbing, sanitary facilities, and gas systems as part of architecture and urban planning.
• It includes an introduction to sanitary installations and their evolution.
• It also touches on the history of plumbing.
• It addresses sanitary plumbing, sanitary installation, water distribution, and gas systems and their application in buildings. The presentation aims to conclude with key insights into the study.

Work Plan

• Introduction
• History
• Sanitary plumbing
• Sanitary Installation
  • Cold water supply
  • Hot water supply
• Preparation
• Hot water distribution
  • Water Heaters
  • Bath Water Heaters
  • Central Heating Boilers
  • Storage water heaters
• Distribution Layouts
  • Branched network
  • Looped network
• Sanitary appliances
• Interior Waste water evacuations
• Exterior Waste water evacuations
• Connections
• Ventilation
• Gas
  • Techniques for serving homes
  • Serving Individual Homes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Sanitary Systems

• Sanitary installations involve hygiene equipment for water distribution, usage, and evacuation in buildings
• The scope extends to liquid and gaseous fluids except for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
• Modern society requires sanitation with comfort, hygiene, and environmental consciousness.

Historical Context

• Ancient civilizations in the Near East were skilled in creating sanitary systems with water supply and drainage.
• Roman baths exemplified their sense of order and governance, differing from simple bath annexes in Greek homes, according to Auguste Choisy's architectural history.

Sanitary Plumbing Components

• Potable cold water
• Domestic hot water,
• Industrial water
• Natural gas,
• City gas supply
• Bottled combustible gasses like butane and propane
• Specialty gases include oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
• Compressed air
• Fire defense systems
• Swimming pool water

Sanitary Installation Specifics

• Water is generally supplied by a nearby public service to buildings, and there are two types of supply:
  • Cold Water Supply: Distributes water from the local network outside of buildings to consumption points inside.
  • Each building typically has its own supply line with a connection and metering system.

Cold Water System Components in Buildings

• Main supply line
• Building connection
• Shut-off valve
• Minimum 1 1/4" inlet diameter
• 1 meter minimum cover
• Concrete support or similar device
• Wall crossing
• Connection pipe inside with apparent installation
• Water meter
• Fine filter
• Distribution battery

Distribution Network Makeup

• Public pipe
• General branch
• General stop valve
• General meter
• Distribution column
• Tapping valve or drain valve
• Riser
• Floor line
• Anti-water hammer device
• Individual meter

Water Storage Types

• Tanks: Spaces for storing water
• Elevated tanks: Suffer from the problem of structural overloading
• Pressure Boosters: Used for high-rise where pressure is low
• Pumps: used for the same reasons

Hot Water Supply

• Used for personal hygiene, meal preparation, and cleaning tasks, including laundry
• Hot water temperature guidelines for household taps:
  • 43-45°C for sinks and bathrooms
  • 55-58°C for kitchen sinks without dishwashers
  • 50-52°C for kitchen sinks with dishwashers

Water Heating Preparation Systems

• Local Preparation: Electric heaters or instantaneous water heaters are good for basic needs.
• Central Preparation: Used for one or more buildings.
• Centralized Preparation: Transports hot water over a distance to supply large complexes

Central Hot Water can be produced with:

• Electric heaters
• Oil or gas boilers (combined boiler, water heater with separate storage)
• Combined gas circulation water heater
• Wood boilers
• Solar energy
• Heat pumps
• Condensing heat

Hot Water Circulation type

• Circulation Systems: Instantaneous heating with heat exchangers, producing hot water as needed.
• Accumulation Systems: Hot water is stored during low consumption periods to cover peak demands.

Water Heater Specifics

• Dimensions: 46 x 26 x 19 cm
• Power: 125 watts
• Efficiency: 70%
• Production Type: instantaneous and produced only upon water draw
• Heat Loss: Little heat loss during no draw times
• Intended use: Intended to supply single low water demand fixtures such as sinks or showers

Bath Water Heater Specifics

• Dimensions: 69 x 30 x 24 cm
• Power: 200 watts
• Yield: 75%
• Produces heat similarly to water heaters
• Elevated efficiency levels versus water heaters
• Ventilation: Require connection to a chimney or have access to open air
• Intended use: Suitable for bathtubs and showers

Central Heating Boiler Specs

• Production is based on: Common fuel source usage for cost efficiency
• Uses indirect heating with a hot water tank

Hot Water Supply and Temperature Control

• A diagram illustrates hot water supply with a collector; a boiler circuit runs 24/7, leading to high losses when hot water is the sole demand in summer.
• To save energy, a charging pump can be placed near the boiler to cut off the circuit during summer.

Hot Water Tank Specifics

• This device consists of a dual-layer tank with two completely separate circuits:
  • A primary heating circuit linked to the boiler
  • A secondary circuit that feeds the distribution network.

Swimming Pool Water Treatment Components

• Filter tank
• Water circulation pump
• Accumulation valve
• Control device
• Disinfection
• Heat exchanger
• Counter-current installation
• Water inlet nozzles
• Skimmer
• Bottom drain
• Level regulator
• Inspection port
• Main wind direction

Distribution Layout Types

• Layouts for of hot water system:
  • Branched System
  • Looped System

Branched System Details

• Hot water isn't constantly circulated in this layout
• Hot water flows directly from the heater or tank to the tap when in use
• One pipe is set up for each appliance.

Branched System Advantages

• Independent distribution in terms of pressure and flow rate
• Easy metering of individual hot water consumption

Branched System Disadvantages

• Cooled water must be purged before hot water can be access, leads to water waste

Looped System Details

• Hot water circulates constantly with thermosiphon

Looped System Advantages

• Hot water is always instantly available at each tap.
• Eliminates water wastage when drawing water.

Looped System Disadvantages

• Suffers from heat loss from pipes.

Sanitary Appliances

• Serve for human hygiene.
• Basins are available in diverse shapes based on usage, and have have supply and drainage fitted

Bathrooms and Toilets

• Must provide functionality and comfort.
• Clearance must allow ease of motion.
• Sanitaryware must have easy access points and height.

Plumbing Fixture Installation Information:

• Sinks may be pedestal-mounted or console-mounted.
• Bathtubs need to filler at the top
• Shower: Installed with bathtubs
• Bidets and toilets are floor-mounted.

Kitchen Design factors:

• Kitchens need functional dimensions limiting too much movement while optimizing the space
• Kitchen sinks, typically made of stainless steel
• Ventilation is an important component.

Water Sale Modes and Meter Specs

• A fixed rate (A forfait): Leads to excessive wastage
  • Metered Sales: Measured with gauges.
    • Volume Meters measure usage by recording the volume of water.
    • Speed Meters measure flow speed to assess debit

Plumbing System Requirements

• Understand Regulations: Crucial to know before installing a water distribution system
• Select Pipe Sizes: Must calculate the diameter for proper flow velocity, to avoid deposits and water hammer events.
• Technical Requirements for Layout are essential such as:
  • Easy Repair: Technical placement and practical repair access.

Types of Water Distribution Systems

• Chandelle or Spine Distribution: Simple array with low costs
  • Hard to cut off water only one section. In the vent of reparations whole system cut off
• Closed Loop Distribution loop: Good consistency, low issues
  • Regular System; however, are higher cost and have complex shutoff.
• Parapluie or Umbrella Distribution: Mount to top floor
  • Use where limited pressure
• Distribution Nourrice or Manifold based: Isolatable Systems
  • Simple to maintain with high costs.
• Mixed: For high rises
• Reservoir based: For comfort and pressure through gravity

Production Types

• Apartments with individual distributed units need systems that are: -Instant -Accumulation
• Industrial require the following:
  • Special boilers combined with district heating

Materials for Piping

• Lead: non-ferrous metal that's easy to install, nearly pure
  • Used to be easy, damage is high so no longer widely used
  • Available in 10m by 6–45mm. Flexible at 4m length 50–110 mm which all weathers, although illegal

Pipe made from the following

• Hard Copper and Brass: Used for hot and cold, alloy is between 70 - 90%. Zinc at 30 - 10%
  • Stiff, interior resistant, joints demountable or welded

Steel Construction Material:

• Quality by dimension, procedures with 5-mm interiors
• Protection, coating; series gasses; cold or hot worked of variable diameters

Plastics Thermoplastic Material:

• injection, strat, rigid, joint sealed with glue. - Joint with rings and metal

Interior Waste Water Evacuation Rules

• Complex area still evolving and improving, with many solutions, although with local restrictions
• Pluvial water has to go though independent points exterior to housing
• Domestic is not near housing

Waste Piping on Each Floor

• Appliance connection point; with horizontal connection and vertical output.
• Water with other outputs either on or off site.
  • water, other, mixed in location of building

Water Outflow Systems

• Unit system, separate, pseudo: either has single source connection or multiple units where some filtered with special conditions apply

Connection Specifics

• Angled connections
• Airtight
• Proper layout, material output
• Constant diameter

Ventilation Specifics

• Each system has a main one consisting though system of air
  • Benefits by moving water to vent with sanitary public vent
• Secondary system of pipes though water.

This presentation explores the integration of plumbing, sanitary facilities, and gas systems within architecture and urban planning. It covers the history and evolution of sanitary installations, detailing water distribution, waste water evacuation, and gas techniques for both individual and multi-unit homes. The conclusion emphasizes the critical role of these systems in modern building design.