31 Questions
What is the definition of pleural effusion?
An excess quantity of fluid in the pleural space caused by increased pleural fluid formation
What is the normal volume of clear liquid with low protein content in the pleural space?
3.5 to 7.0 ml
What are the etiologies of transudative effusion?
Increased production due to increased hydrostatic or decreased oncotic pressures
In healthy patients, how is the pleural fluid primarily formed and absorbed?
Formed primarily by transudation from the parietal pleura and absorbed primarily by the capillaries and lymphatics
What symptoms may patients experience with large effusions?
Dyspnea and chest pain
What does an exudative effusion result from?
Increased production due to abnormal capillary permeability
Which condition is characterized by sudden onset of unilateral pleuritic pain and increasing breathlessness?
Pneumothorax
What can be found on examination of a patient with pleuritic pain, fever, and signs of consolidation?
Dullness to percussion and decreased fremitus
What is the suggested diagnosis for pale yellow (straw) pleural fluid?
Transudate
What investigation can help diagnose TB or cancer in patients with pleural effusion?
Cytology of pleural fluid
What is the treatment for transudative effusion?
Treat underlying cause
Which condition may present with blunting of costophrenic angles on chest x-ray?
Transudative effusion
What is the main aim of treatment for pneumothorax?
Get the patient back to active life
Which condition is characterized by accumulation of air in the pleural space?
Pneumothorax
What diagnostic test can differentiate pleural fluid from pleural scarring?
Decubitus films
What investigation may show an area devoid of lung markings in a patient with pneumothorax?
Chest radiography
What is the main characteristic of bronchial asthma?
Recurrent episodes of airway obstruction
Which factor is NOT associated with the development of bronchial asthma?
Regular exercise
What part of the respiratory system is affected during bronchial asthma?
Bronchioles
What maternal status factor is associated with asthmatic stress in the child?
Anemia
Which occupational exposure can contribute to the development of bronchial asthma?
Chemicals
What are the typical symptoms of bronchial asthma?
Wheezing and coughing
What test confirms the presence of airway obstruction and measures the degree of lung function impairment?
FEV1
What is the measurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) during a mild asthma attack?
70 to 90% of personal best
What is a common symptom of a mild asthma attack?
Hiccups
During a severe asthma attack, what is an indication of severe difficulty breathing?
Rib retractions
What does the Prick test measure?
Allergic reaction to an allergen
Which symptom is commonly associated with mild asthma attacks?
Difficulty sleeping
What is the measurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) during a moderate asthma attack?
50 to 70% of personal best
What symptoms are commonly observed in patients with mild asthma attacks?
Coughing, especially at night
What is measured in the Allergy-skin test?
Size of allergic reaction on the skin.
Learn about the definition and etiology of pleural effusion, including the layers of pleura, normal pleural fluid content, and the causes of excess fluid in the pleural space. Understand the difference between transudative and exudative effusion.
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