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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a common cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common cause of pneumonia?
- Legionella pneumophila
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Influenza viruses
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (correct)
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
- 1-3 per 1000 (correct)
- 5-7 per 1000
- 7-9 per 1000
- 3-5 per 1000
Which of the following is a classification of pneumonia based on anatomical location?
Which of the following is a classification of pneumonia based on anatomical location?
- Bronchopneumonia
- Lobar pneumonia (correct)
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
- Atypical pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission?
Which type of pneumonia develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission?
What is the main symptom of pneumonia?
What is the main symptom of pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia occurs in ambulatory patients who are not hospitalized and have had extensive healthcare contact within the last 3 months?
Which type of pneumonia occurs in ambulatory patients who are not hospitalized and have had extensive healthcare contact within the last 3 months?
Which type of pneumonia is the most common?
Which type of pneumonia is the most common?
Which of the following invasive approaches should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
Which of the following invasive approaches should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
What is the definition of Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
What is the definition of Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
Which of the following refers to a milky white effusion high in triglycerides?
Which of the following refers to a milky white effusion high in triglycerides?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid that can accumulate in the pleural space?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid that can accumulate in the pleural space?
Which of the following is a relative contraindication for thoracentesis?
Which of the following is a relative contraindication for thoracentesis?
Which of the following is a clue to the common etiology of pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a clue to the common etiology of pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following invasive procedures should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
Which of the following invasive procedures should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
What is the definition of Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
What is the definition of Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of red hepatization/early consolidation in pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of red hepatization/early consolidation in pneumonia?
Which of the following is a symptom of pneumonia in infants and the elderly?
Which of the following is a symptom of pneumonia in infants and the elderly?
Which of the following is a recommended therapy for inpatient non-ICU management of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a recommended therapy for inpatient non-ICU management of pneumonia?
Which of the following is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is the most sensitive and specific marker for tuberculosis in pleural fluid analysis?
Which of the following is the most sensitive and specific marker for tuberculosis in pleural fluid analysis?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following cell types in pleural fluid analysis indicates an acute process affecting the pleura?
Which of the following cell types in pleural fluid analysis indicates an acute process affecting the pleura?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
Which type of pneumonia develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission?
Which type of pneumonia develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
What is the typical treatment for outpatient management of pneumonia?
What is the typical treatment for outpatient management of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a contraindication for thoracentesis?
Which of the following is a contraindication for thoracentesis?
Which of the following is a common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is the most sensitive and specific marker for tuberculosis in pleural fluid analysis?
Which of the following is the most sensitive and specific marker for tuberculosis in pleural fluid analysis?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a typical bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a typical bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a potential alternative invasive approach if thoracoscopy is unavailable for diagnosing pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a potential alternative invasive approach if thoracoscopy is unavailable for diagnosing pleural effusion?
What is the approximate percentage of patients with exudative effusions for whom no known etiology is found?
What is the approximate percentage of patients with exudative effusions for whom no known etiology is found?
Which of the following definitions best describes Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
Which of the following definitions best describes Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)?
Which of the following is a potential cause of exudative effusions in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment?
Which of the following is a potential cause of exudative effusions in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment?
Which of the following is a potential alternative invasive approach if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
Which of the following is a potential alternative invasive approach if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
What percentage of patients do not have a diagnosed cause for their condition despite invasive procedures?
What percentage of patients do not have a diagnosed cause for their condition despite invasive procedures?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid that can accumulate in the pleural space?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid that can accumulate in the pleural space?
Which of the following is a common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a common cause of exudative pleural effusion?
Which of the following cell types in pleural fluid analysis indicates an acute process affecting the pleura?
Which of the following cell types in pleural fluid analysis indicates an acute process affecting the pleura?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following is the best screening test for pulmonary embolism in a patient with pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, or dyspnea?
Which of the following is a common predisposing condition for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common predisposing condition for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of grey hepatization/late consolidation in pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of grey hepatization/late consolidation in pneumonia?
What is the first choice therapy for outpatient management of pneumonia?
What is the first choice therapy for outpatient management of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following invasive procedures is recommended if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
Which of the following invasive procedures is recommended if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
What percentage of patients with exudative effusions have no known etiology?
What percentage of patients with exudative effusions have no known etiology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chylous effusion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chylous effusion?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
What is the typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a potential cause of exudative effusions in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment?
Which of the following is a potential cause of exudative effusions in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment?
Which of the following invasive approaches should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
Which of the following invasive approaches should be considered if thoracoscopy is unavailable?
What is the approximate percentage of patients with exudative effusions for whom no known etiology is found?
What is the approximate percentage of patients with exudative effusions for whom no known etiology is found?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a common predisposing condition for pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a common predisposing condition for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of red hepatization/early consolidation in pneumonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of red hepatization/early consolidation in pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential cause of pleural effusion?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential cause of pleural effusion?
Which of the following is a potential cause of chylothorax?
Which of the following is a potential cause of chylothorax?
Which of the following is a potential cause of pyothorax or empyema?
Which of the following is a potential cause of pyothorax or empyema?
Which of the following is a potential cause of urinothorax?
Which of the following is a potential cause of urinothorax?
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Study Notes
Pneumonia
- A common cause of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Typical incidence of pneumonia in the general population is 5-6 cases per 1,000 people per year.
- Main symptom of pneumonia is cough.
Classification of Pneumonia
- Classification of pneumonia based on anatomical location: community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP).
- HCAP develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission.
Types of Pneumonia
- Community-acquired pneumonia: occurs in ambulatory patients who are not hospitalized and have not had extensive healthcare contact within the last 3 months.
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia: develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission.
Pleural Effusion
- Definition of exudative pleural effusion: high protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and low glucose levels.
- Characteristics of exudative pleural effusion: high protein content, high LDH levels, and low glucose levels.
- Typical cause of exudative pleural effusion: bacterial infection.
- Chylous effusion: milky white effusion high in triglycerides.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Thoracentesis: a relative contraindication is bleeding diathesis.
- Invasive approach if thoracoscopy is unavailable: ultrasound-guided thoracentesis or CT-guided thoracentesis.
- Recommended therapy for inpatient non-ICU management of pneumonia: macrolides, fluoroquinolones, or beta-lactam antibiotics.
- First choice therapy for outpatient management of pneumonia: macrolides or fluoroquinolones.
Complications
- Complications of pneumonia: respiratory failure, sepsis, and empyema.
- Potential cause of exudative effusions in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment: malignancy or tuberculosis.
Miscellaneous
- Approximate percentage of patients with exudative effusions for whom no known etiology is found: 20%.
- Typical bacterial cause of pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Common symptom of pneumonia: cough.
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