Exam 3 - Pulmonary

What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Conduct gas exchange

Which structure is responsible for producing surfactant in the lungs?

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

What is the main function of the dorsal respiratory group in the respiratory system?

Set the basic automatic rhythm of breathing

Which term refers to the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath?

Tidal volume (TV) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Haldane effect depend on for effective gas exchange?

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

In which area of the lungs does perfusion exceed ventilation due to gravity?

Lower lobes Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excess water in the lung due to disturbances in capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure, or capillary permeability?

Pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

Left-sided heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is a rare life-threatening complication that can occur after relief of upper airway obstruction?

Postobstructive pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical clinical manifestations associated with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Dyspnea and hypoxemia with poor response to oxygen supplementation Signup and view all the answers

What sequence of events occurs in ARDS in terms of clinical manifestations?

Hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, and worsening hypoxemia Signup and view all the answers

What causes postobstructive pulmonary edema (POPE) to develop?

Negative pressure after upper airway obstruction relief Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the pathophysiology of ARDS?

Surfactant inactivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of absorption atelectasis?

Gradual absorption of air from obstructed alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an excessive amount of fibrous tissue in the lung?

Pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical manifestations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Increasing dyspnea on exertion Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a severe inflammatory response mediated primarily by oxygen radicals?

Oxygen toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common causes of pneumoconiosis?

Inhalation of inorganic dust particles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of oxygen toxicity?

Hypoxemia with leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary fibrosis differ from atelectasis?

Pulmonary fibrosis involves decreased surfactant production. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes systemic disorders affecting the lungs from pneumoconiosis?

Effect on the airways, pleurae, or lung parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pleural effusion is characterized by the presence of chyle exudate?

Chylothorax Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hypercapnia?

Decreased drive to breathe Signup and view all the answers

What are common clinical manifestations of empyema, an infected pleural effusion?

Cyanosis and fever Signup and view all the answers

In acute respiratory failure, which of the following is a common characteristic?

Hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is lung compliance reduced, making it difficult to get air in?

Pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which lung disorder is characterized by the passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chest wall restriction?

Impaired respiratory muscle function Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent site for aspiration in the lungs?

Right lower lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of flail chest?

Paradoxical movement of the chest with breathing Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates primary pneumothorax from secondary pneumothorax?

Primary pneumothorax occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of effusion is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries?

Transudative effusion Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the presence of air or gas in the pleural space in a pneumothorax?

Trauma to the lung tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are common clinical manifestations of restrictive lung disease?

Dyspnea and pleural pain Signup and view all the answers

Why does a flail chest cause hypoventilation?

Paradoxical chest movement impairs ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung disease increases the stiffness of the lung and limits expansion?

Restrictive lung disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark feature of chest wall pain arising from muscle or rib pain?

Increased work of breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of primary emphysema?

Inherited deficiency of α1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung disease involves damage that is more randomly distributed throughout the entire acinus?

Panacinar emphysema Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental abnormality in cystic fibrosis?

Chloride transport abnormality Signup and view all the answers

Which lung condition results in a chronic productive cough lasting at least 3 months of the year for 2 consecutive years?

Chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

In which lung disease does the involved lobe undergo consolidation?

Pneumococcal pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What multi-system disease is characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance and leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs?

Cystic fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Keeping alveoli open and free of fluid Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does hypoxic vasoconstriction occur to direct blood flow to better-ventilated areas of the lungs?

ARDS Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the most significant effect on the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lungs?

PaO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal respiratory group in the respiratory system?

Maintain the basic automatic rhythm of breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation?

Blood pressure (18mmHg vs 90mmHg) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between absorption atelectasis and compression atelectasis?

Absorption atelectasis results from obstructed or hypo-ventilated alveoli, while compression atelectasis results from external compression on the lung. Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen toxicity primarily cause damage to the lungs?

By disrupting surfactant production and causing interstitial edema. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from pulmonary fibrosis due to exposure to toxic gases?

Increasing dyspnea on exertion is a clinical manifestation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but not toxic gas exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic diseases specifically affect the lung parenchyma?

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pneumoconiosis?

Silica, asbestos, and coal Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary fibrosis differ from systemic disorders affecting the lungs?

Pulmonary fibrosis involves an excessive amount of fibrous tissue in the lung, while systemic disorders affect the airways or pleurae. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes obstructive lung diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema?

Increased airway resistance Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in obstructive lung diseases leading to the need for greater pressure to overcome resistance to airflow?

Constriction of airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of asthma that distinguishes it from other obstructive lung diseases?

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the pathophysiology of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma?

Variable airflow obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Why do obstructive lung diseases like emphysema make it difficult to get air out?

Increased mucous secretions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung diseases?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of an abscess in the lung?