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Questions and Answers

How did Plato and Aristotle view evolution?

  • Species were static and unchanging. (correct)
  • Species are dynamic and evolve over time.
  • Species are determined by their ecological roles.
  • Species are constantly adapting to their environments.

    • How did Plato and Aristotle categorize animals?

  • Randomly without a specific order.
  • Based on their geographical distribution.
  • From high to low complexity. (correct)
  • By their ability to mimic others.

    • Where did humans rank in the classification system of Plato and Aristotle?

  • In the middle of the classification.
  • At the top of the hierarchy. (correct)
  • At the bottom of the hierarchy.
  • They were not classified at all.

    • Which concept was explicitly rejected by Plato and Aristotle in their biological classifications?

    <p>The notion of variability within species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle did Carlous Linnaeus use to organise species?

    <p>Organizing species based on their similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What view did Carlous Linnaeus hold regarding the relationship between living organisms and their environments?

    <p>Living organisms are perfectly matched to their environments by divine creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea about evolution was supported by Carlous Linnaeus?

    <p>Species do not evolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major contribution of Carlous Linnaeus to biological classification?

    <p>the development of a system for naming and classifying organisms, known as taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Carlous Linnaeus view the concept of species adaptation?

    <p>Species are created to match their environments without need for adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Georges Cuvier suggest about the relationship between fossil layers and species?

    <p>Fossils in deeper layers tend to differ from those nearer the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What catastrophic event does Georges Cuvier associate with species extinction?

    <p>Sudden changes in the Earth's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to species after a mass extinction, according to Cuvier?

    <p>New and better adapted species replace those that go extinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with Cuvier's views on extinction and adaptation?

    <p>Species that go extinct are typically less adapted to their environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Cuvier's observations contribute to the understanding of Earth's history?

    <p>They suggested that Earth's history is characterized by sudden catastrophic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Buffon's work is significant because it was one of the early discussions linking ______ and geographic locations.

    <p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Buffon's discussion regarding animal evolution?

    <p>The impact of geographical regions on plant and animal populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation did Buffon make about animal populations in similar environments?

    <p>They show significant diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Buffon's observations contribute to the understanding of evolution?

    <p>They linked evolution directly to environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying principle can be derived from Buffon's observations?

    <p>Geographical diversity influences biological diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Buffon emphasize about regions with similar environments?

    <p>They can still host diverse species populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle did James Hutton propose regarding geological change?

    <p>Geological change occurs gradually over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the implications of Hutton's theory of geological change?

    <p>Accumulated changes can lead to significant outcomes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Hutton's view of geological change contrast with previous theories?

    <p>Previous theories focused on rapid changes due to catastrophic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hutton's gradualistic approach to geological change imply about the history of Earth?

    <p>The Earth’s features are a result of continuous and uniform processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes Hutton's concept of how geological changes accumulate?

    <p>Uniformitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Charles Lyell's contributions to the understanding of Earth's age?

    <p>He popularized the idea that erosion and weathering explain geological features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lyell's views influence Charles Darwin?

    <p>By suggesting that gradual changes had occurred over a longer timeframe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication arises from Lyell's view of Earth’s geological features?

    <p>Significant geological features are the result of long processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents Lyell's argument regarding Earth’s geological processes?

    <p>Changes seen today can be explained by processes occurring over long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did erosion and weathering play in Lyell’s perspective on Earth's history?

    <p>They provided evidence of the slow and prolonged changes in the Earth's features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck introduce regarding evolutionary change?

    <p>Inheritance of characteristics that were acquired during their life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lamarck, what role does the environment play in the modification of an individual?

    <p>It causes modifications in the individual over their lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lamarck believe evolutionary changes occurred in response to needs?

    <p>Changes happen continuously throughout an individual's life when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes a criticism of Lamarck's ideas?

    <p>He did not account for genetic inheritance in traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant impact of Lamarck's ideas, despite their discrediting?

    <p>They inspired future discussions on evolution and adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from Darwin and Wallace's theory regarding species?

    <p>All species share a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory proposed by Darwin and Wallace suggest about the formation of animals?

    <p>Animals evolved through the same gradual processes that formed the land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication arises from the idea that land and animals form through gradual processes?

    <p>It implies a dynamic and changing relationship between the environment and living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Darwin and Wallace's ideas challenge earlier concepts of species formation?

    <p>They suggest that species evolved from a common ancestor through gradual changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental aspect of the theory presented by Darwin and Wallace regarding all species?

    <p>All species are interconnected through a shared ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Darwin conclude about the beak shapes of ground finches on different islands?

    <p>Each beak shape was adapted to specific feeding conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation did Darwin make about species on the Galápagos Islands?

    <p>They exhibited significant differences despite their similar origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Darwin's key realizations during his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle?

    <p>Species adapt to their specific environments from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diverse environments did Darwin visit during his journey?

    <p>Chains of islands including the Galápagos and coastal regions of Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influenced the adaptations observed in species on different islands?

    <p>The specific environmental conditions of each island.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is known for having stronger and thicker beaks adapted for breaking seeds?

    <p>Geospiza magnirostris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species has spear-like beaks adapted for capturing and stabbing insects?

    <p>Certhidea olivacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is primarily associated with the species Geospiza fortis?

    <p>Strong and thick beaks for seed eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary food source that influences the evolution of stronger beaks in certain finch species?

    <p>Seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the environmental adaptations observed in the finch species discussed?

    <p>Beak adaptations correspond to specific dietary needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main idea did Darwin explain in 'On the Origin of Species'?

    <p>The role of natural selection in evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was 'On the Origin of Species' published?

    <p>1859</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <p>Use and disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily associated with natural selection, as discussed by Darwin?

    <p>Environmental pressures leading to survival advantages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Darwin's observations on the Galápagos Islands?

    <p>They highlighted the diversity of species and their adaptations to different environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Wallace's primary activities during his travels to the Amazon rainforest?

    <p>Collecting beetles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which years did Wallace explore the Malay Archipelago?

    <p>1854-1862</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the environment did Wallace particularly engage with during his explorations?

    <p>Chains of islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of Wallace's travels to Brazil?

    <p>To collect insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region did Wallace travel to after Brazil?

    <p>The Malay Archipelago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the inheritance of favorable characteristics in organisms over generations?

    <p>Descent with modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does competition influence the survival of offspring?

    <p>Stronger offspring have greater access to resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of producing more offspring than can survive?

    <p>It ensures that only the strongest traits are passed on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a characteristic of organisms that is passed from parent to offspring?

    <p>Inherited traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct mechanism did Lamarck propose for evolutionary change compared to Darwin's theory?

    <p>Inheritance of lifetime acquired characteristics due to environmental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is central to Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution that contrasts with Lamarck’s ideas?

    <p>Adaptations arise from random genetic variations rather than forming a trait for a need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lamarck's view on the environment's role in species evolution differ from that of Darwin and Wallace?

    <p>Lamarck viewed environmental adaptation in a life time as a key mechanism for change over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin and Wallace, what is the primary driver of evolution in species over time?

    <p>Natural selection based on the survival and reproduction of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant critique of Lamarck’s theory of evolution compared to Darwin’s theory?

    <p>Lamarck's theory lacks empirical support compared to Darwin's natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observed environmental factor led to a decrease in finch beak size during periods of higher rainfall in peter and rosemary's study?

    <p>Lack of large seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since what year have Peter and rosemary grant been studying finch adaptations?

    <p>1976</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main focus of the Grants' study on finches?

    <p>Long-term adaptation changes in beak size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the observed decrease in finch beak size during specific conditions suggest?

    <p>Adaptations are reversible based on environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selection pressure NOT include as a component of the modern evolutionary synthesis?

    <p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes Mendelian inheritance?

    <p>It indicates that offspring receive one copy of each gene from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of modern evolutionary synthesis, which process primarily introduces genetic variation?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is considered an additional mechanism affecting evolution aside from selection pressure?

    <p>Gene flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario primarily illustrates the concept of genetic drift?

    <p>A group of animals in a small area becomes isolated and their gene pool changes over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a process for establishing facts objectively through experimentation and testing

    <p>scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a good hypothesis?

    <p>It clearly states the relationship between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?

    <p>There must be a way to potentially show it to be incorrect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does operational definition enhance hypothesis formulation?

    <p>It specifies how variables will be defined and measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does specificity play in hypothesis formulation?

    <p>It helps identify clear predictions and research direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically included in a well-formulated hypothesis?

    <p>A clear prediction about the interaction of specified variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of testability in a hypothesis?

    <p>It allows for measurement and observation to validate or invalidate the hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a hypothesis has to be testable

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    if a hypothesis can be disproven that means it is not good

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypothesis must consider past research, observations, theories, and be logical

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    should a hypothesis have a positive or negative correlation

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    hypotheses are typically formed through what kind of reasoning?

    <p>deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is a hypothesis

    <p>A hypothesis is a testable statement based on observations, theories, and other information as to what outcome may happen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what are the requirements for a suitable experimental design?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive vs. Deductive reasoning

    <h1>Inductive reasoning = going from the specific to the general. deductive reasoning = predictions based on general theories</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive reasoning derives general conclusions from specific observations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the premises of a deductive argument are true, the conclusion is guaranteed to be false.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A valid example of deductive reasoning is: All birds can fly, and a penguin is a bird, therefore a penguin can fly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive reasoning is not useful in scientific research for formulating hypotheses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive reasoning can sometimes lead to flawed generalizations, such as concluding all swans are white based on a limited observation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A valid premise in deductive reasoning could be that if it is snowing, outdoor temperatures must be below freezing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive reasoning utilizes general statements to reach specific conclusions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of selection pressure on a population's traits?

    <p>It favors traits that enhance fitness in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic variation contribute to a population's response to environmental pressures?

    <p>It provides a range of traits that may suit various environmental challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a source of the genetic variation that animals have?

    <p>Environmental adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of advantageous traits in the context of environmental pressures?

    <p>They increase the likelihood of reproduction and survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of selection pressure on undesirable traits in a population?

    <p>They are less likely to be passed on to future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what can predict if natural selection is likely to occur in a population?

    <p>genetic variation = if all individuals are the same, there are to traits to be selected for fitness. environmental pressures = drives natural selection to take place by providing environmental factors that make organisms have to increase their fitness to survive Reproductive success = individuals with fit traits must produce more offspring then those who are unfit Large population = things like bacteria will change faster because they reproduce more rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More ways to predict if natural selection will take place

    <h1>takes place over generations = things like bacteria will change faster because they reproduce more rapidly Inheritable traits = need to be able to be passed down to future offspring</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    macroevolution Vs. microevolution

    <p>microevolution = small/subtle changes in the frequency of a gene that can occur over a short period of time examples of microevolution = Genetic drift, Geneflow, Mutation, Natural selection macroevolution = : broader scale of evolutionary changes that we see over huge amounts of time examples of macroevolution = Speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does stabilizing selection have on a population?

    <p>It selects average phenotypes and reduces variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes directional selection?

    <p>It selects for extreme phenotypes in changing environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of diversifying selection in a population?

    <p>It increases variation by supporting multiple extreme phenotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does frequency-dependent selection affect phenotype diversity?

    <p>It maintains diversity by working in opposite directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sexual selection play in a population's evolution?

    <p>It impacts traits that enhance attractiveness to mates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    sexual dimorphisms

    <p>more variability in male reproduction rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of non-random mating in populations?

    <p>Development of sexual dimorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the handicap principle relate to sexual selection?

    <p>It indicates that risky traits signal high fitness to potential mates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the good gene hypothesis propose about the traits chosen by females?

    <p>Attractive traits indicate superior genes that will produce strong offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might it be advantageous for some organisms to produce fewer offspring?

    <p>It allows for a higher chance of survival for each individual offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does sexual dimorphism provide in terms of reproduction?

    <p>It enhances competition among males, leading to better gene quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrasexual selection primarily characterized by?

    <p>Individuals of the same sex competing for access to mates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which circumstances is intersexual selection likely to be more common?

    <p>When females invest heavily in reproduction, such as parental care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traits are often associated with intrasexual selection?

    <p>Large body size and aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to the occurrence of intersexual selection in a population?

    <p>A surplus of females, allowing males to focus on attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is least likely to be a result of successful intrasexual selection?

    <p>Bright colors to attract females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does genetic drift have on populations?

    <p>It alters allele frequencies due to random chance events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mutation contribute to evolution?

    <p>By introducing random changes in DNA that can create new alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene flow in the context of evolution?

    <p>The movement of alleles between populations through migration or interbreeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about genetic mutations is true?

    <p>Mutations occur randomly and can lead to new alleles in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of genetic drift in small populations?

    <p>Random changes in allele frequencies that can lead to loss of genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is natural selection considered a non-random process?

    <p>Advantageous traits are systematically selected for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to allele frequencies in a population experiencing genetic drift?

    <p>They fluctuate randomly due to chance events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a consequence of genetic drift?

    <p>It can lead to the loss or fixation of alleles ineffectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How may genetic drift negatively impact a small population?

    <p>It can eliminate advantageous alleles by chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the bottleneck effect on a population's genetic diversity?

    <p>Decreased genetic diversity due to random loss of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description accurately reflects the founder effect?

    <p>A small group forming a new population isolated from the original</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies a relationship between genetic drift and evolution?

    <p>Genetic drift may lead to evolution through random changes in allele frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about large populations in relation to genetic drift?

    <p>They show less fluctuation in allele frequencies compared to smaller populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene flow primarily defined as?

    <p>The interbreeding of similar populations or migration of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gene flow contribute to the evolution of a population?

    <p>By introducing new alleles that can persist over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur to the inherited traits introduced by gene flow over time?

    <p>They persist in the population despite a lack of advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes a potential outcome of gene flow?

    <p>It may facilitate adaptation to changing environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evolution occurs from the interbreeding of different species or populations?

    <p>Hybrid Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evolutionary change is driven by natural selection favoring traits that enhance survival?

    <p>Adaptive Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated organisms due to shared environmental pressures?

    <p>Convergent Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary theory suggests that species undergo long periods of stability interrupted by brief periods of rapid change?

    <p>Punctuated Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is speciation best defined in evolutionary terms?

    <p>The formation of new and distinct species with no gene flow between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the phenomenon where multiple species rapidly diversify into various forms in response to ecological opportunities?

    <p>Adaptive Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of evolution occurs when allele frequencies change without impacting an organism's fitness?

    <p>Neutral Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary process leads to the development of distinct species due to different adaptations in varied environments?

    <p>Divergent Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

    <p>Microevolution occurs over relatively short periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is characteristic of natural selection?

    <p>Environmental pressures favor advantageous traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does genetic drift play in evolution?

    <p>It randomly changes allele frequencies in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gene flow contribute to evolutionary change?

    <p>By mixing genetic material between different populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes mutation in an evolutionary context?

    <p>Mutations provide the raw material for evolutionary change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of sexual selection?

    <p>It promotes traits that enhance mating success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies the bottleneck effect in genetic drift?

    <p>A few individuals surviving a disaster, limiting genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of evolution can lead to the creation of new genetic variations within a population?

    <p>Mutation introducing new alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plato and Aristotle's View of Species

    • Plato and Aristotle believed species were static and unchanging.
    • Their understanding of the natural world didn't include the concept of evolution.
    • Organisms were arranged hierarchically, from simpler to more complex, with humans considered the most complex.
    • Their classification system was based on observable characteristics and complexity, neglecting any idea of change or development in species.
    • Aristotle's system placed life forms in a fixed chain of being, with humans at the pinnacle. This fixed hierarchy was central to their understanding.
    • No recognized mechanism for change within species was proposed.

    Evolutionary Change

    • Evolution encompasses various mechanisms driving population changes over time.

    Types of Evolutionary Change

    • Microevolution: Small-scale allele frequency changes in a population over a short time.

      • Includes natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.
      • Often observed within a single species.
      • Does not necessarily lead to new species.

    • Macroevolution: Large-scale changes in diversity over extended periods.

      • Includes origin of new species, major evolutionary trends, and diversification of life over millions of years.
      • Cumulative effect of numerous microevolutionary events.

    • Natural Selection: Traits beneficial to survival and reproduction are passed on, driven by environmental pressures.

      • Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selections are types of natural selection.

    • Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, especially prominent in small populations.

      • Bottleneck effects and founder effects are examples, significantly altering allele frequencies.

    • Gene Flow: Movement of genes between populations.

      • Migration or gamete transfer introduces/removes alleles, potentially changing genetic makeup of populations.

    • Mutation: Changes in DNA sequence, introducing new alleles as raw material for evolutionary change.

      • Can be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to an organism's fitness.

    • Sexual Selection: Traits improving mating success are favoured.

      • Can lead to seemingly disadvantageous traits in other contexts, e.g., elaborate plumage.

    • Mutation-Based Evolution: Genetic code changes directly driving evolution.

      • Spontaneous or induced mutations introduce new alleles.

    • Hybrid Evolution: Changes from interbreeding of species or populations.

      • Hybrids inherit unique traits, leading to new characteristics or heightened adaptation.

    • Adaptive Evolution: Evolutionary changes enhancing survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

      • Driven by natural selection favoring traits improving fitness.

    • Neutral Evolution: Changes in allele frequencies without impacting fitness or survival.

      • Arises from genetic drift or other non-adaptive factors.
      • May not lead to discernible phenotypic differences.

    • Convergent Evolution: Unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

      • Examples: wings in birds and bats.

    • Divergent Evolution: Related species evolve differing traits due to adaptation to diverse environments.

      • Leads to speciation over time.

    • Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution in bursts of rapid change punctuated by long periods of stability.

      • Implies relatively rapid speciation compared to gradual change.

    • Gradualism: Evolutionary change occurring slowly and continuously over time. - Contrasted with Punctuated Equilibrium.

    • Speciation: Formation of new, distinct species.

      • Happens when populations diverge enough to prevent gene flow.
      • Includes allopatric and sympatric speciation.

    • Extinction: Complete disappearance of a species or higher taxonomic group.

      • Causes include environmental changes, competition, and factors hindering survival/reproduction.

    • Adaptive Radiation: Rapid diversification of species into various forms.

      • Often follows colonization events or environmental changes.

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