Platelet and Coagulation Disorder Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

A controlled, non-malignant proliferation of platelets in response to thrombopoietin

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin (correct)

A decrease in platelet production due to aplastic anemia

An increase in platelet destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin

A decrease in platelet production due to aplastic anemia

An increase in platelet destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia

An increase in platelet production usually in response to thrombopoietin (correct)

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

A platelet count above 1000 x 10/L

An increase in platelet destruction due to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A platelet count below 100 x 10/L (correct)

A decrease in platelet production due to tumors

What are common platelet disorders?

Decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors Signup and view all the answers

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α granules Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A?

An X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease?

An autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 x 10/L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

An increase in platelet production usually in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

A platelet count below 100 x 10/L Signup and view all the answers

What are common platelet disorders?

Decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors Signup and view all the answers

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α granules Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A?

An X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease?

An autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 x 10/L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia?

Increased platelet destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hereditary platelet function disorder?

Deficiency of von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of primary thrombocytosis?

Essential thrombocythemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of Von Willebrand disease?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?

Factor VIII concentrate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an acquired platelet function disorder?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers) Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 X 10 /L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of common platelet disorders?

Increased production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of primary thrombocytosis?

Prolonged bleeding from wounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic laboratory finding in Hemophilia A?

Prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is primary thrombocytosis?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary thrombocytosis?

An uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What platelet count is associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 X 10 /L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombocytopenia?

A platelet count below 100 X 10 /L Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A?

An X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease?

An autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers) Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What are common platelet disorders?

Decreased platelet production due to aplastic anemia or tumors Signup and view all the answers

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of acquired coagulopathies?

Vitamin K deficiency and liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 2000 X 10 /L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of decreased platelet production?

Aplastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the deficiency in hereditary platelet function disorder GPIIb?

Platelet membrane protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?

Factor VIII concentrate Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical features of Von Willebrand disease?

Prolonged bleeding from wounds Signup and view all the answers

What are the laboratory studies for acquired coagulopathies?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia?

Increased platelet destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the laboratory finding in Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, prolonged PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acquired coagulopathies?

Liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

Malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

A malignant proliferation of platelets not in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

Abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function Signup and view all the answers

What are common platelet disorders?

Decreased production due to aplastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A?

An X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease?

A deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, normal bleeding time, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What causes secondary thrombocytosis?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary thrombocytosis?

Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, while secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 3000 X 10 /L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of decreased platelet production?

Aplastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of increased platelet destruction?

Immune thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of hereditary platelet function disorders?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of dense granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the laboratory finding for Hemophilia A?

Prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?

Factor VIII concentrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of Von Willebrand disease?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical features of Von Willebrand disease?

Spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females Signup and view all the answers

What are the laboratory findings for DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of acquired platelet function disorders?

Hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Hemophilia A?

Deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 X 10 /L </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Hemophilia A?

Deficiency of factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common clinical presentation of Von Willebrand disease?

Prolonged bleeding from wounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the laboratory finding in DIC?

Decreased platelet count Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of secondary thrombocytosis?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of acquired platelet function disorders?

Antiplatelet drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical presentation of primary thrombocytosis?

Hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the laboratory finding in Hemophilia A?

Normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of thrombocytopenia?

Platelet count below 100 X 10 /L Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Von Willebrand disease?

Deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of hereditary platelet function disorders?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

Increased platelet production in response to thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are produced by the liver.

False Signup and view all the answers

Primary thrombocytosis is a benign condition.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Secondary thrombocytosis is usually in response to thrombopoietin.

True Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytopenia can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb.

True Signup and view all the answers

Acquired platelet function disorders include only antiplatelet drugs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A predominately affects females.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A laboratory studies show prolonged PT and normal PTT.

False Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder associated with excessive clotting.

False Signup and view all the answers

Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease.

True Signup and view all the answers

DIC causes widespread microthrombi with elevated fibrinogen.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are produced by the fragmentation of megakaryocyte nuclei in the bone marrow.

False Signup and view all the answers

Primary thrombocytosis is a controlled, non-malignant proliferation of platelets in response to thrombopoietin.

False Signup and view all the answers

Secondary thrombocytosis is usually a response to thrombopoietin and is characterized by elevated platelet counts.

True Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count above 100 x 10^9/L.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α granules or dense granules.

True Signup and view all the answers

Acquired platelet function disorders include hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A is an autosomal dominant condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A predominately affects females.

False Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder.

False Signup and view all the answers

Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease.

True Signup and view all the answers

DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage.

True Signup and view all the answers

The laboratory studies for Hemophilia A show a prolonged PT and normal PTT.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the liver.

False Signup and view all the answers

Primary thrombocytosis is a controlled, malignant proliferation of platelets in response to thrombopoietin.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.

True Signup and view all the answers

Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.

True Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.

True Signup and view all the answers

Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.

True Signup and view all the answers

Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.

True Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.

True Signup and view all the answers

Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which platelets are produced?

Fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is primary thrombocytosis and what can cause it?

Uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

<blockquote> 1000 X 10 /L. </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What are the complications associated with primary thrombocytosis?

Hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary thrombocytosis and how is it characterized?

Increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L. Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombocytopenia and what can cause it?

Platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function. Common causes include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism. Signup and view all the answers

What are hereditary platelet function disorders and what are some examples?

Deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules. Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders and what can cause them?

Antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A and what causes it?

An X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical features of Von Willebrand disease?

Spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females. Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies used to diagnose Hemophilia A?

Normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT. Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory studies used to diagnose DIC?

Decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary thrombocytosis?

Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, while secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common platelet disorders?

Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism. Signup and view all the answers

What are some hereditary platelet function disorders?

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemophilia A and what are its symptoms?

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What are the laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease and what are its clinical features?

Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females. Signup and view all the answers

What is DIC and what are its laboratory findings?

DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers). Signup and view all the answers

What causes primary thrombocytosis?

Primary thrombocytosis can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?

Primary hemostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug, while secondary hemostasis involves the coagulation cascade resulting in the formation of fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?

Von Willebrand factor mediates platelet adhesion to the subendothelial matrix and stabilizes factor VIII in the circulation. Signup and view all the answers

____________ is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Primary thrombocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the ____________ marrow.

bone Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet ____________.

function Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or ____________ granules.

dense Signup and view all the answers

Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in ____________ failure.

renal Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of ____________.

deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII ____________.

concentrate Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and ____________ in young females.

menorrhagia Signup and view all the answers

Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and ____________ disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

liver Signup and view all the answers

Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or ____________ complications.

thrombotic Signup and view all the answers

-Secondarythrombocytosisischaracterizedbyincreasedplateletproduction,usuallyinresponsetothrombopoietin,andplateletcountiselevated,butusually<1000X__10/L.

Signup and view all the answers

Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or ____________.

hypersplenism Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of ______ cytoplasm in the bone marrow.

megakaryocyte Signup and view all the answers

Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Signup and view all the answers

Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or ______ complications.

thrombotic Signup and view all the answers

Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet ______ usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.

production Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet ______.

function Signup and view all the answers

Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or ______.

hypersplenism Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or ______ granules.

dense Signup and view all the answers

Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and ______ in renal failure.

uremia Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of ______.

deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and ______ in young females.

menorrhagia Signup and view all the answers

Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (______).

D.dimers Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is ______ concentrate.

factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that involves the removal of fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins?

Fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a group of coagulation proteins?

Hemoglobin group Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation factors contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X?

Prothrombin group Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation factors is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis?

Contact group Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug?

Primary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?

Secondary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia based on erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content?

MCV, MCH, MCHC Signup and view all the answers

Where do most coagulation reactions occur?

On the surface membrane of activated platelets Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of hemostasis?

Primary and secondary Signup and view all the answers

What are the coagulation mechanisms involved in?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation factors contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII?

Fibrinogen group Signup and view all the answers

What do erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on?

Size and hemoglobin content Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug?

Primary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?

Secondary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation proteins contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X?

Prothrombin group Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation proteins contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII?

Fibrinogen group Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation proteins includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis?

Contact group Signup and view all the answers

Where do most coagulation reactions occur?

On the surface membrane of activated platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of removing fibrin called?

Fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia?

Mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation pathway is initiated by tissue damage?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation pathway is initiated by exposure of blood to a negatively charged surface?

Intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation pathway converges into the formation of factor Xa?

Common pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation factor is involved in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Factor II Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation factor is involved in the stabilization of the fibrin clot?

Factor XIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of removing fibrin called?

Fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway involves coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK?

Intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrinogen group of coagulation factors?

To transform soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation factors are vitamin K dependent?

Factors II, VII, IX, and X Signup and view all the answers

Where do most coagulation reactions occur?

On the surface membrane of activated platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content called?

Erythrocyte indices Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of hemostasis?

Platelet plug formation Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway involves tissue factor and coagulation factors VII, X, and V?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contact group of coagulation factors?

To initiate the intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin called?

Coagulation Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation factors is involved in fibrinolysis?

Contact group Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia?

MCV, MCH, and MCHC Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of hemostasis?

Primary and secondary Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrinogen group of coagulation factors?

To reinforce the platelet plug with fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation factors are contained in the Prothrombin group?

Factors II, VII, IX, and X Signup and view all the answers

Where do most coagulation reactions occur?

On the surface membrane of activated platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contact group of coagulation factors?

To initiate fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrinolysis?

The process of removing fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia?

Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation mechanism pathway is activated by tissue damage?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What are the two pathways involved in the coagulation mechanism?

Intrinsic and extrinsic Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the platelet plug in hemostasis?

To stop bleeding by sealing the damaged blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What are the three groups of coagulation proteins?

Prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation mechanism?

To form a stable clot Signup and view all the answers

Is hemostasis a process that involves two stages?

True Signup and view all the answers

Does primary hemostasis involve the formation of a stable platelet plug?

False Signup and view all the answers

Does secondary hemostasis involve the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?

True Signup and view all the answers

Are coagulation proteins divided into two groups?

False Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation proteins contains vitamin K dependent factors?

False Signup and view all the answers

Which group of coagulation proteins contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII?

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contact group of coagulation factors?

False Signup and view all the answers

Do most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is fibrinolysis the process of removing fibrin that is initiated when clotting begins?

False Signup and view all the answers

Do the erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content?

True Signup and view all the answers

How many indices are used to classify anemia?

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia?

False Signup and view all the answers

Primary hemostasis involves the formation of a stable platelet plug.

False Signup and view all the answers

Secondary hemostasis involves the transformation of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

True Signup and view all the answers

Coagulation mechanism involves only intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

False Signup and view all the answers

The prothrombin group contains coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.

True Signup and view all the answers

The fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors II, V, VIII, and XIII.

False Signup and view all the answers

The contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK.

True Signup and view all the answers

All coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinolysis is the process of removing platelets from the site of injury.

False Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their shape and size.

False Signup and view all the answers

The three indices used to classify anemia are MCV, MCH, and MCHC.

True Signup and view all the answers

Primary thrombocytosis is characterized by excessive platelet production.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen is a vitamin K dependent coagulation factor.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of hemostasis and what does each stage involve?

The two stages of hemostasis are primary and secondary. Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug, while secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three pathways involved in the coagulation mechanism?

The coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three groups of coagulation proteins and which factors are included in each group?

The three groups of coagulation proteins are prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group. Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII. Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis. Signup and view all the answers

Where do most coagulation reactions occur?

Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrinolysis and when is it initiated?

Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins. Signup and view all the answers

What are erythrocyte indices and how do they help classify erythrocytes?

Erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three indices used to classify anemia?

The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the platelet plug in hemostasis?

The function of the platelet plug in hemostasis is to prevent bleeding from an injured blood vessel. Signup and view all the answers

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the coagulation mechanism?

The intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen and involves coagulation factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII. The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor and involves coagulation factors VII, X, V, and II. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin K in the coagulation mechanism?

Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the contact group in the coagulation mechanism?

The contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrin in the coagulation mechanism?

Fibrin reinforces the platelet plug by forming an insoluble meshwork that stabilizes the clot. Signup and view all the answers

Hemostasis involves ______ stages: primary and secondary.

two Signup and view all the answers

Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an ______ platelet plug.

unstable Signup and view all the answers

Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into ______ fibrin.

insoluble Signup and view all the answers

Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and ______ pathways.

common Signup and view all the answers

Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and ______ group.

contact Signup and view all the answers

Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors ______, VII, IX, and X.

II Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and ______.

XIII Signup and view all the answers

Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and ______.

fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of ______ platelets.

activated Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinolysis is the process of removing ______ and is initiated when clotting begins.

fibrin Signup and view all the answers

The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their ______ and hemoglobin content.

size Signup and view all the answers

The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Signup and view all the answers

What is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What are the four zones of platelet ultra-structure?

Peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation?

Platelet plug formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets in maintaining blood vessel integrity?

To form secondary hemostatic plugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the precursor cells in the bone marrow that give rise to platelets?

Megakaryocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that involves the interaction between platelets and coagulation proteins to form secondary hemostatic plugs?

Secondary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cytokines and growth factors that affect megakaryocyte development?

Interleukin-6 Signup and view all the answers

What connects two platelets during platelet adhesion?

Fibrinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that dissolves fibrin clots and restores blood flow?

Fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the platelet activation event that involves changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid?

Platelet shape change Signup and view all the answers

What is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Anucleate fragments of cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets in maintaining blood vessel integrity and healing injured tissue?

To interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Platelet activation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrinogen in platelet adhesion?

Fibrinogen connects two platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is platelet aggregation?

The joining of platelets together Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Anucleate fragments of cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelet granule release in activating platelets?

To facilitate platelet granule release into surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the four zones of platelet ultra-structure?

Peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of the formation of the platelet plug?

Platelet adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets in maintaining blood vessel integrity and healing injured tissue?

To interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Platelet activation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelet activation?

To induce changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrinogen in platelet adhesion?

Fibrinogen connects two platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is platelet aggregation?

The joining of platelets together Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelet granule release in activating platelets?

To facilitate platelet granule release into surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are the four zones of platelet ultra-structure?

Peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of the formation of the platelet plug?

Platelet adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelet activation?

To induce changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

What is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets and where are they derived from?

Cells in the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the platelet ultra-structure divided into?

Four zones Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets?

Maintain blood vessel integrity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What does platelet activation include?

Changes in platelet shape Signup and view all the answers

What connects two platelets during platelet adhesion?

Fibrinogen Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets?

Platelet granule release Signup and view all the answers

What are the activation events required for the formation of the platelet plug?

Adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What are the cytokines and growth factors that affect megakaryocyte development?

Thrombopoietin and cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are cells that contain a nucleus.

False Signup and view all the answers

Thrombopoietin is the major factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development.

True Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are responsible for maintaining blood vessel integrity.

True Signup and view all the answers

The platelet ultra-structure is divided into three zones.

False Signup and view all the answers

Secondary hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Platelet activation does not include changes in surface receptor.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet aggregation is the joining of red blood cells together.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion.

True Signup and view all the answers

Platelet granule release is not involved in the formation of the platelet plug.

False Signup and view all the answers

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinolysis is not one of the three phases of hemostasis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are cells derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.

False Signup and view all the answers

Thrombopoietin is the major humeral factor regulating erythrocyte and platelet development.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte.

True Signup and view all the answers

The platelet ultra-structure is divided into three zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, and membrane system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelets help maintain blood vessel integrity, but do not aid in healing injured tissue.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins, but not fibrinolysis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Secondary hemostasis is the phase of hemostasis that involves platelet activation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the last stimulation for platelet activation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres without pseudopods.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet aggregation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, inhibiting platelet activation.

False Signup and view all the answers

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation, but not platelet granule release.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of platelets and where are they derived from?

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets and what is their structure?

Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells. The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development?

The major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemostasis and what are the three phases of hemostasis?

Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins. Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation. Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur during platelet activation?

Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid. Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrinogen's role in the formation of the platelet plug?

Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What are the events required for the formation of the platelet plug?

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of platelets in maintaining hemostasis?

Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the cytokines and growth factors that affect megakaryocyte development?

Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelet granule release in activating platelets?

Platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultra-structure of platelets?

The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system. Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of ______

megakaryocyte Signup and view all the answers

The major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is ______

thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: ______, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system

peripheral zone Signup and view all the answers

Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and ______ proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs

coagulation Signup and view all the answers

Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and ______ are the three phases of hemostasis

fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for ______ activation

platelet Signup and view all the answers

Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and ______ is the joining of platelets together

aggregation Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, ______ platelets

activating Signup and view all the answers

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and ______

aggregation Signup and view all the answers

Several ______ and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development

cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane ______

phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the ______ called Megakaryocyte

bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called ______.

Megakaryocyte Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are ______ fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.

membrane-bound anucleate Signup and view all the answers

The major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is ______.

thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form ______ and secondary hemostatic plugs.

primary Signup and view all the answers

Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the ______, platelets, and coagulation proteins.

blood vessel Signup and view all the answers

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for ______ activation.

platelet Signup and view all the answers

Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and ______ phospholipid.

membrane Signup and view all the answers

Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and ______ is the joining of platelets together.

aggregation Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and ______ release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.

platelet granule Signup and view all the answers

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and ______.

aggregation Signup and view all the answers

The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and ______ system.

membrane Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is the process of breaking down the fibrin clot formed during hemostasis.

Fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of platelets and what are they made of?

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte. Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells. Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect megakaryocyte development and what is the major humeral factor regulating it?

Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin. Signup and view all the answers

How is the platelet ultra-structure divided and what are its components?

The platelet ultra-structure is divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of platelets in the body?

What is hemostasis and what are the three phases of hemostasis?

What is the first stimulation for platelet activation?

Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation. Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur during platelet activation?

Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the shape of platelets during activation and what is aggregation?

Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrinogen during platelet adhesion and what is platelet granule release?

What events are required for the formation of the platelet plug?

The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major factors that regulate megakaryocyte and platelet development?

Thrombopoietin is the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of platelets and what are the zones of platelet ultra-structure?

Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells. The platelet ultra-structure is divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?

To form an occlusive plug at damaged blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What are the agonists that platelets have receptors for?

Collagen and von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the procoagulant action of platelets?

To activate factor X and thrombin Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step of coagulation?

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of coagulation is activated by exposed collagen?

Intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of factor XIII in hemostasis?

To crosslink the fibrin polymer Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory test is used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

Prothrombin time (PT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in hemostasis?

To inhibit the tissue factor pathway of coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

The extrinsic pathway involves tissue factor complexing with factor VII, while the intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins C and S in hemostasis?

To inactivate factors V and VIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in laboratory studies of hemostasis?

To evaluate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Platelets form an occlusive plug at the site of vascular injury. Signup and view all the answers

What are the agonists that platelets have receptors for?

Collagen and von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the procoagulant action of platelets?

Platelets accelerate the formation of factor Xa and thrombin. Signup and view all the answers

What is coagulation in hemostasis?

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin resulting in the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic pathway of coagulation activated by?

Exposed collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the extrinsic pathway of coagulation activated by?

Tissue factor complexing with factor VII Signup and view all the answers

What is the final common pathway of coagulation?

Activated factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of factor XIII in coagulation?

Factor XIII crosslinks the fibrin polymer to consolidate the thrombus. Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory tests are used to evaluate hemostasis?

Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) Signup and view all the answers

What inhibitory systems modulate blood coagulation?

Anti-thrombin, proteins C and S, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) used to evaluate?

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

To form a stable hemostatic plug Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets contain that aid in hemostasis?

Fibrinogen and ADP Signup and view all the answers

What is the procoagulant action of platelets?

Accelerating the formation of factor Xa and thrombin Signup and view all the answers

What is coagulation specifically responsible for?

The formation of a stable hemostatic plug Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic pathway of coagulation activated by?

Exposed collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the extrinsic pathway of coagulation activated by?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the final common pathway of coagulation responsible for?

Converting prothrombin into fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of factor XIII in hemostasis?

Crosslinking the fibrin polymer Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory tests are used to assess hemostasis?

PT and APTT Signup and view all the answers

What inhibitory systems modulate blood coagulation?

Proteins C and S Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

The intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen, while the extrinsic pathway involves tissue factor complexing with factor VII Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

To form a stable hemostatic plug Signup and view all the answers

What are the agonists that platelets have receptors for?

Collagen and von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What happens when platelets are activated?

Consolidation of the thrombus by crosslinking the fibrin polymer Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic pathway of coagulation activated by?

Exposed collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the final common pathway in coagulation?

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What are laboratory tests of hemostasis?

Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time Signup and view all the answers

What modulates blood coagulation?

Factor XIII, proteins C and S, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What does coagulation refer specifically to in hemostasis?

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in platelet recruitment and activation?

Platelet adhesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the GPIIb/IIIa complex in platelet activation?

It is a receptor for fibrinogen and vWF Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of platelets?

Around 10 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of platelet activation on the coagulation sequence?

It speeds up the coagulation sequence Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets secrete during activation?

Fibrinogen and thrombospondin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To transport and exchange respiratory gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant type of hemoglobin in adults?

HbA Signup and view all the answers

What is the iron-chelated porphyrin ring in hemoglobin that can carry one molecule of oxygen?

Heme Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hemoglobin that occurs only in the embryonic stage?

HbGower-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) used as an indicator of?

Blood glucose level in diabetic patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased oxygen affinity on hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the hemoglobin concentration in the body a result of?

A balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal hemoglobins?

Carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitate carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hemoglobin and erythrocytes?

Hemoglobin occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of hemoglobin?

The composition of its globin chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

It is used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?

Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between alpha-like and non-alpha-like globin chains?

The type of globin chain is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hemoglobin synthesis and erythrocyte development?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35% Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased oxygen affinity on hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To transport and exchange respiratory gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in adults?

HbA Signup and view all the answers

What is the iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron?

Heme Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) used for in diabetic patients?

An indicator of blood glucose level Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hemoglobin that is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that hemoglobin can carry from tissues to the lungs?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the hemoglobin concentration in the body dependent on?

A balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between alpha-like and non-alpha-like globin chains in hemoglobin?

The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To transport and exchange respiratory gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

A tetrameric molecule with four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in adults?

HbA Signup and view all the answers

What is the iron-containing molecule in heme?

Porphyrin ring Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin?

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hemoglobin that is predominant in the fetus and newborn?

HbF Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alpha-like and non-alpha-like globin chains in hemoglobin?

Responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that can bind to the central ferrous iron in heme?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of erythrocyte occupied by hemoglobin?

33% Signup and view all the answers

What are the abnormal hemoglobins mentioned in the text?

Carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of erythrocyte development where most hemoglobin is synthesized?

Polychromatic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To transport and exchange respiratory gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) used for?

An indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron in heme called?

Heme Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hemoglobin determined by?

The composition of its globin chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of abnormal hemoglobins on oxygen transport and exchange?

Different effects depending on the type of abnormal hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen carrying capacity of each gram of hemoglobin?

1.34 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of erythrocyte occupied by hemoglobin?

33% Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin?

The composition of the globin chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticulocyte capable of producing in terms of hemoglobin synthesis?

The remaining 35% Signup and view all the answers

Is hemoglobin responsible for transporting oxygen and facilitating carbon dioxide transport?

True Signup and view all the answers

Can each gram of hemoglobin carry up to 1.34 ml of oxygen?

True Signup and view all the answers

Does hemoglobin occupy approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and account for 90% of the cell dry weight?

True Signup and view all the answers

Does hemoglobin concentration in the body result from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is hemoglobin a tetrameric molecule composed of four globular protein subunits?

True Signup and view all the answers

Does each hemoglobin contain four heme groups?

False Signup and view all the answers

Is the composition of the globin chains responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is HbA the major hemoglobin in adults?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is HbA1c used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage?

True Signup and view all the answers

Do abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin?

True Signup and view all the answers

Does increased oxygen affinity mean hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily?

False Signup and view all the answers

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin concentration in the body is solely determined by the production of erythrocytes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule composed of four protein subunits.

True Signup and view all the answers

Heme is a form of iron that can carry four molecules of oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains.

True Signup and view all the answers

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is only produced in diabetic patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

Most hemoglobin is synthesized in the polychromatic stage.

True Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hemoglobins have no effect on oxygen transport and exchange.

False Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases.

True Signup and view all the answers

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin synthesis begins in the orthochromatic stage.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of globin chains in hemoglobin?

The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?

Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of hemoglobin synthesis?

What are abnormal hemoglobins?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased oxygen affinity on hemoglobin?

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased oxygen affinity on hemoglobin?

Decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of erythrocyte occupied by hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin's function is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is heme?

What are the two types of globin chains that make up hemoglobin?

The two types of globin chains that make up hemoglobin are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

The predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn is HbF. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

The major hemoglobin in adults is HbA. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the volume of the erythrocyte occupied by hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the cell dry weight accounted for by hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight. Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal hemoglobins?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen-carrying capacity of each gram of hemoglobin?

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

When does hemoglobin synthesis begin and which stage produces the most hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is heme?

What are the types of globin chains?

There are two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What determines the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin?

The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

When does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage. Signup and view all the answers

Where is most hemoglobin synthesized?

Most hemoglobin is synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticulocyte capable of producing?

The reticulocyte is capable of producing the remaining 35% of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of abnormal hemoglobins?

The different types of abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin transports and exchanges respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemoglobin made of?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is heme?

How many types of globin chains are there?

There are two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of hemoglobin?

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains. Signup and view all the answers

What is HbA1c and what is its importance?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal hemoglobins and what are their effects?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen-carrying capacity of each gram of hemoglobin?

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume occupancy of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

Hemoglobin occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dry weight contribution of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

Hemoglobin accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight in erythrocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is heme?

What are the two types of globin chains in hemoglobin?

The two types of globin chains in hemoglobin are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

When does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage. Signup and view all the answers

Where is most hemoglobin synthesized?

Most hemoglobin is synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reticulocytes in hemoglobin synthesis?

The reticulocyte is capable of producing the remaining 35% of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal hemoglobins?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What does increased oxygen affinity mean for hemoglobin?

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?

Hemoglobin functions to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?

What are the two types of globin chains in hemoglobin?

The two types of globin chains in hemoglobin are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and what is its significance?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does hemoglobin synthesis begin and where is most hemoglobin synthesized?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reticulocytes in hemoglobin synthesis?

The reticulocyte is capable of producing the remaining 35% of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of abnormal hemoglobins?

Examples of abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of hemoglobin in the body?

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of oxygen affinity in hemoglobin?

The oxygen affinity determines the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen, with increased oxygen affinity meaning hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin and what gases does it transport?

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitates carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of hemoglobin and what is its composition?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin and how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin carry?

What are the two types of globin chains in hemoglobin and what are their functional and physical properties?

The two types of globin chains are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn and what is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, while HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and what is its use in diabetic patients?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of hemoglobin synthesis and in which stages of erythrocyte development does it occur?

What are the abnormal hemoglobins and what are their effects on oxygen transport and exchange?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen affinity in hemoglobin and how does it affect oxygen binding and release?

Oxygen affinity determines the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the balance that determines hemoglobin concentration in the body?

Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of the erythrocyte that hemoglobin occupies and what is its dry weight contribution?

Hemoglobin occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight. Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of oxygen that each gram of hemoglobin can carry?

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin's function is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is heme?

What are the two types of globin chains present in hemoglobin?

The two types of globin chains present in hemoglobin are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

When does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage. Signup and view all the answers

When is most hemoglobin synthesized?

Most hemoglobin is synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the remaining 35% of hemoglobin synthesized by?

The reticulocyte is capable of producing the remaining 35% of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What are some abnormal hemoglobins and their effects on oxygen transport and exchange?

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when hemoglobin has increased oxygen affinity?

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin transports and exchanges respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?

What are the two types of globin chains in hemoglobin?

The two types of globin chains in hemoglobin are alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma). Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn?

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major hemoglobin in adults?

HbA is the major hemoglobin in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

When does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage. Signup and view all the answers

When is most hemoglobin synthesized?

Most hemoglobin is synthesized in the polychromatic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is abnormal hemoglobin?

Abnormal hemoglobin includes carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?

The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin determines the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin increases?

When the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin increases, it does not give up its oxygen easily. Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry ______ molecules of oxygen.

four Signup and view all the answers

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the ______ stage.

embryonic Signup and view all the answers

HbF is the predominant hemoglobin in the ______ and newborn.

fetus Signup and view all the answers

HbA is the major hemoglobin in ______.

adults Signup and view all the answers

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used as an indicator of ______ level in diabetic patients.

blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and ______, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.

sulfhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the ______ stage.

pronormoblast Signup and view all the answers

The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases ______.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its ______.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its ______ more readily.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of ______.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of ______.

erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting ______ from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ______ of oxygen

ml Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the ______ and destruction of erythrocytes

production Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is a ______ molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain

tetrameric Signup and view all the answers

Heme is an iron-chelated ______ ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron

porphyrin Signup and view all the answers

The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and ______)

gamma Signup and view all the answers

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in ______

adults Signup and view all the answers

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of ______ level in diabetic patients

blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the ______ stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%

pronormoblast Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and ______, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange

sulfhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and ______ oxygen

releases Signup and view all the answers

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more ______

readily Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting ______ from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry ______ ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.

1.34 Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of ______.

erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is a ______ molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.

tetrameric Signup and view all the answers

Heme is an ______-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.

iron Signup and view all the answers

The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the ______ stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.

embryonic Signup and view all the answers

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood ______ level in diabetic patients.

glucose Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the ______ stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.

polychromatic Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and ______ with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.

sulfhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases ______.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more ______.

readily Signup and view all the answers

The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and ______-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).

non-alpha Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Platelet Disorders and Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm in the bone marrow.
Primary thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled, malignant proliferation of platelets, not in response to thrombopoietin, and can be caused by essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Platelet counts can be >1000 X 10 /L in primary thrombocytosis, and it can be associated with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.
Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by increased platelet production, usually in response to thrombopoietin, and platelet count is elevated, but usually < 1000 X 10 /L.
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a platelet count below 100 x 10 /L and can result in abnormal bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
Common platelet disorders include decreased production due to aplastic anemia or tumors and increased destruction due to immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypersplenism.
Hereditary platelet function disorders include deficiency of membrane GPIIb, deficiency of GPIb, and absence of α. granules or dense granules.
Acquired platelet function disorders include antiplatelet drugs, hyperglobulinemia associated with multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, and uremia in renal failure.
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII, and it predominately affects males with symptoms varying depending on the degree of deficiency.
Hemophilia A laboratory studies show normal platelet count, normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT, and treatment is factor VIII concentrate.
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, and clinical features include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding from wounds, and menorrhagia in young females.
Acquired coagulopathies include vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, while DIC causes widespread microthrombi with the consumption of platelets and clotting factors, causing hemorrhage, and laboratory studies show decreased platelet count, prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products (D.dimers).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Hemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism

Hemostasis involves two stages: primary and secondary.
Primary hemostasis involves the formation of an unstable platelet plug.
Secondary hemostasis involves the reinforcement of the platelet plug by transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Coagulation mechanism involves intrinsic pathways, extrinsic pathways, and common pathways.
Coagulation proteins are divided into three groups: prothrombin group, fibrinogen group, and contact group.
Prothrombin group contains vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Fibrinogen group contains coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII.
Contact group includes coagulation factors XI, XII, PK, and HK and is involved in the initial activation of the intrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.
Most coagulation reactions occur on the surface membrane of activated platelets.
Fibrinolysis is the process of removing fibrin and is initiated when clotting begins.
The erythrocyte indices help classify erythrocytes based on their size and hemoglobin content.
The three indices used to classify anemia are mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

Overview of Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelets are the smallest circulating hematological elements, derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow called Megakaryocyte.
Platelets are membrane-bound anucleate fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, not truly cells.
Several cytokines and growth factors affect megakaryocyte development, and the major humeral factor regulating megakaryocyte and platelet development is thrombopoietin.
The platelet ultra-structure divided into four zones: peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane system.
Platelets maintain blood vessel integrity, aid in healing injured tissue, and interact with other platelets and coagulation proteins to form primary and secondary hemostatic plugs.
Hemostasis is the result of the interaction between the blood vessel, platelets, and coagulation proteins.
Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis are the three phases of hemostasis.
Platelet adhesion to sub-endothelium is the first stimulation for platelet activation.
Platelet activation includes changes in metabolic biochemistry, morphology, surface receptor, and membrane phospholipid.
Platelet shape changes from disc-shaped to spiny spheres with pseudopods, and aggregation is the joining of platelets together.
Fibrinogen connects two platelets during platelet adhesion, and platelet granule release facilitates platelet granule release into surrounding tissues, activating platelets.
The formation of the platelet plug requires several activation events, including adhesion, shape change, secretion, and aggregation.

The Role of Platelets and Coagulation in Hemostasis

Platelets are recruited to damaged blood vessels to form an occlusive plug.
Platelets have receptors for agonists like collagen and von Willebrand factor, and contain organelles with proteins like fibrinogen and small molecules like ADP.
Platelet activation leads to aggregation, adhesion, and promotion of further activation.
Platelets also have a procoagulant action, accelerating the formation of factor Xa and thrombin.
Coagulation refers specifically to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, resulting in the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Coagulation involves a complex biochemical cascade of proteolytic enzymes (serine proteases) and cofactors.
The intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen, while the extrinsic pathway involves tissue factor complexing with factor VII.
Both pathways terminate in the final common pathway where activated factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Factor XIII crosslinks the fibrin polymer to consolidate the thrombus.
Laboratory tests of hemostasis include the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).
Blood coagulation is modulated by inhibitory systems like anti-thrombin, proteins C and S, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI).
Tissue factor is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation and activates both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

The Role of Platelets and Coagulation in Hemostasis

Platelets are recruited to damaged blood vessels to form an occlusive plug.
Platelets have receptors for agonists like collagen and von Willebrand factor, and contain organelles with proteins like fibrinogen and small molecules like ADP.
Platelet activation leads to aggregation, adhesion, and promotion of further activation.
Platelets also have a procoagulant action, accelerating the formation of factor Xa and thrombin.
Coagulation refers specifically to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, resulting in the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Coagulation involves a complex biochemical cascade of proteolytic enzymes (serine proteases) and cofactors.
The intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen, while the extrinsic pathway involves tissue factor complexing with factor VII.
Both pathways terminate in the final common pathway where activated factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Factor XIII crosslinks the fibrin polymer to consolidate the thrombus.
Laboratory tests of hemostasis include the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).
Blood coagulation is modulated by inhibitory systems like anti-thrombin, proteins C and S, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI).
Tissue factor is the crucial protein in the initiation of blood coagulation and activates both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Synthesis, and Function

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.
Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.
Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).
The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.
Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.
The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen.
Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily.

Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Synthesis, and Function

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.
Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.
Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).
The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.
Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.
The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen.
Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily.

Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Synthesis, and Function

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.
Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.
Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).
The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.
Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.
The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen.
Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily.

Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Synthesis, and Function

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.
Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.
Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).
The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.
Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.
The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen.
Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily.

Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Synthesis, and Function

Hemoglobin is a specialized protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitating carbon dioxide transport from tissues to the lungs.
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 ml of oxygen, and it occupies approximately 33% of the volume of the erythrocyte and accounts for 90% of the cell dry weight.
Hemoglobin concentration in the body results from a balance between the production and destruction of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule, composed of four globular protein subunits, each containing a heme group and a globin chain.
Heme is an iron-chelated porphyrin ring that can carry one molecule of oxygen bound to the central ferrous iron, and each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
The composition of the globin chains is responsible for the different functional and physical properties of hemoglobin, with two types of globin chains: alpha-like (alpha, zeta) and non-alpha-like (epsilon, beta, delta, and gamma).
The type of hemoglobin is determined by the composition of its globin chains, with some hemoglobins occurring only in the embryonic stage, HbF being the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus and newborn, and HbA being the major hemoglobin in adults.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is produced throughout the erythrocyte life cycle and used as an indicator of blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Hemoglobin synthesis begins as early as the pronormoblast stage, with most hemoglobin synthesized in the polychromatic stage, and the reticulocyte capable of producing the remaining 35%.
Abnormal hemoglobins include carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin, with different causes and effects on oxygen transport and exchange.
The function of hemoglobin is to transport and exchange respiratory gases, with oxygen affinity determining the ease with which hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen.
Increased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin does not give up its oxygen, while decreased oxygen affinity means hemoglobin releases its oxygen more readily.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on platelet disorders and inherited coagulation disorders with this informative quiz. From primary and secondary thrombocytosis to hereditary and acquired platelet function disorders, this quiz covers a range of important topics. You'll also learn about Hemophilia A, Von Willebrand disease, and acquired coagulopathies like vitamin K deficiency and liver disease. So, if you're interested in understanding more about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these disorders, take this quiz

Platelet and Coagulation Disorder Quiz

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

What are common platelet disorders?

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

What is Hemophilia A?

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

What is Von Willebrand disease?

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

What are common platelet disorders?

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

What is Hemophilia A?

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

What is Von Willebrand disease?

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia?

Which of the following is NOT a hereditary platelet function disorder?

What is the most common cause of primary thrombocytosis?

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of Von Willebrand disease?

What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?

Which of the following is NOT an acquired platelet function disorder?

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of common platelet disorders?

What is the most common cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of primary thrombocytosis?

What is the characteristic laboratory finding in Hemophilia A?

What is primary thrombocytosis?

What is secondary thrombocytosis?

What platelet count is associated with primary thrombocytosis?

What is thrombocytopenia?

What is Hemophilia A?

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

What is Von Willebrand disease?

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

What are common platelet disorders?

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

What is the cause of acquired coagulopathies?

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

What is the most common cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

What is the most common cause of decreased platelet production?

What is the deficiency in hereditary platelet function disorder GPIIb?

What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?

What are the clinical features of Von Willebrand disease?

What are the laboratory studies for acquired coagulopathies?

What is the most common cause of acquired platelet function disorders?

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia?

What is the laboratory finding in Hemophilia A?

What is the most common cause of acquired coagulopathies?

What is the cause of primary thrombocytosis?

What is primary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is secondary thrombocytosis characterized by?

What is thrombocytopenia characterized by?

What are common platelet disorders?

What are hereditary platelet function disorders?

What is Hemophilia A?

What are laboratory studies for Hemophilia A?

What is Von Willebrand disease?

What are laboratory studies for DIC?

What are acquired platelet function disorders?

What causes secondary thrombocytosis?

What is the difference between primary and secondary thrombocytosis?

What is the platelet count associated with primary thrombocytosis?

What is the cause of secondary thrombocytosis?

What is the most common cause of decreased platelet production?

What is the most common cause of increased platelet destruction?