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Questions and Answers
Which geological process involves the movement of large masses of materials due to gravity?
Which geological process involves the movement of large masses of materials due to gravity?
- Erosion
- Weathering
- Mass wasting (correct)
- Sedimentation
What is the main cause of earthquakes according to the text?
What is the main cause of earthquakes according to the text?
- Exogenic processes like erosion
- Shearing of the Earth's crust (correct)
- Confining forces compacting the crust
- Sedimentation in the Earth's layers
What distinguishes exogenic processes from endogenic processes?
What distinguishes exogenic processes from endogenic processes?
- They originate externally to the Earth's surface (correct)
- They cause earthquakes and volcanoes
- They involve compacting the Earth's crust
- They are driven by internal forces like shearing
Which type of process results in the disintegration of rocks and minerals?
Which type of process results in the disintegration of rocks and minerals?
What can cause a sinkhole according to the text?
What can cause a sinkhole according to the text?
Which process involves the movement of rock debris from one place to another?
Which process involves the movement of rock debris from one place to another?
What percentage of the Earth's land surface is made up of metamorphic rocks?
What percentage of the Earth's land surface is made up of metamorphic rocks?
Which branch of geology focuses on the study of structures found in rocks?
Which branch of geology focuses on the study of structures found in rocks?
What does igneous petrology study?
What does igneous petrology study?
Which branch of geology is closely related to igneous petrology?
Which branch of geology is closely related to igneous petrology?
What is the main focus of paleontology?
What is the main focus of paleontology?
'Anticline' and 'Syncline' are examples of structures found in which branch of geology?
'Anticline' and 'Syncline' are examples of structures found in which branch of geology?
What are the 3 main types of seismic waves?
What are the 3 main types of seismic waves?
What causes stress on Earth's crust leading to earthquakes?
What causes stress on Earth's crust leading to earthquakes?
Which type of earthquake is a result of the movement of tectonic plates at plate boundaries?
Which type of earthquake is a result of the movement of tectonic plates at plate boundaries?
Where do earthquakes predominantly occur?
Where do earthquakes predominantly occur?
Which event is considered the largest and most principal in a sequence of earthquakes?
Which event is considered the largest and most principal in a sequence of earthquakes?
Which type of weathering refers to the breaking down of rocks by chemical reactions?
Which type of weathering refers to the breaking down of rocks by chemical reactions?
What does physical weathering involve?
What does physical weathering involve?
Which factor does NOT contribute to physical weathering as mentioned in the text?
Which factor does NOT contribute to physical weathering as mentioned in the text?
What causes thermal stresses in physical weathering?
What causes thermal stresses in physical weathering?
How does freezing and thawing contribute to physical weathering?
How does freezing and thawing contribute to physical weathering?
Which of the following is an example of how pressure releases contribute to physical weathering?
Which of the following is an example of how pressure releases contribute to physical weathering?
What is the primary focus of vertebrate paleontology?
What is the primary focus of vertebrate paleontology?
Which group of animals does invertebrate paleontology primarily focus on?
Which group of animals does invertebrate paleontology primarily focus on?
What does paleobotany aim to achieve?
What does paleobotany aim to achieve?
What is the primary focus of palynology?
What is the primary focus of palynology?
Which field combines economic geology and mining engineering?
Which field combines economic geology and mining engineering?
Which type of organisms are classified by invertebrate paleontology?
Which type of organisms are classified by invertebrate paleontology?
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Study Notes
Geological Processes
- Mass wasting involves the movement of large masses of materials due to gravity.
Earthquakes
- The main cause of earthquakes is the movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's lithosphere.
- Interplate earthquakes occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates.
- Stress on the Earth's crust leads to earthquakes.
- Earthquakes predominantly occur at plate boundaries.
Exogenic and Endogenic Processes
- Exogenic processes involve external factors such as weathering and erosion.
- Endogenic processes involve internal factors such as plate tectonics and volcanism.
Weathering
- Mechanical weathering results in the disintegration of rocks and minerals.
- Chemical weathering involves the breaking down of rocks by chemical reactions.
- Physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through mechanical forces such as temperature fluctuations and pressure.
- Thermal stresses in physical weathering are caused by rapid temperature changes.
- Freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks contributes to physical weathering.
- Pressure releases contribute to physical weathering through the formation of cracks and fractures.
Geology Branches
- Structural geology focuses on the study of structures found in rocks.
- Igneous petrology studies the origin and composition of igneous rocks.
- Volcanology is closely related to igneous petrology.
- Paleontology is the study of fossils and ancient life forms.
- Vertebrate paleontology focuses on the study of vertebrate fossils.
- Invertebrate paleontology focuses on the study of invertebrate fossils.
- Paleobotany aims to reconstruct ancient plant life.
- Palynology focuses on the study of pollen and spores.
Earth's Surface
- Metamorphic rocks make up approximately 85% of the Earth's land surface.
Seismic Waves
- There are three main types of seismic waves: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves.
Sinkholes
- Sinkholes can be caused by the collapse of underground caverns or the dissolution of rocks.
Rock Debris
- Mass movement involves the movement of rock debris from one place to another.
Geology Fields
- Economic geology combines geology and economics to study the economic potential of natural resources.
- Mining engineering is the application of geology and engineering principles to extract minerals.
- Mineral engineering is the field that combines economic geology and mining engineering.
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