Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
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Questions and Answers

How can push factors influence immigration patterns?

Push factors like poverty and war drive individuals to leave their home countries in search of better living conditions.

What role do intervening obstacles play in the immigration process?

Intervening obstacles are barriers such as legal restrictions and costs that hinder individuals from successfully immigrating.

Describe the concept of carrying capacity in relation to urban areas.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population that an area can support sustainably without environmental degradation.

What are the characteristics of a livable city?

<p>A livable city is characterized by accessibility, safety, and a high quality of life for its residents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of green belts in urban planning.

<p>Green belts protect rural land from urban development, preserving space for nature and enhancing the quality of life in nearby cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Canadian Shield in Canada?

<p>The Canadian Shield is the oldest and largest landform region in Canada, serving as the geologic foundation and featuring rocky terrain with abundant fresh water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas in Canada are known as the most important agricultural regions?

<p>The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands and the Interior Plains are the most important agricultural regions, producing about 75% of Canada's total farm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does sedimentary rock in the Interior Plains play in Canada's economy?

<p>The sedimentary rock in the Interior Plains is crucial for the production of oil and natural gas, contributing significantly to Canada's energy resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the Innuitian Mountains considered Canada's most remote region?

<p>The Innuitian Mountains are remote because they have no full-time population and are less accessible than other regions in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does latitude affect the climate of a region in Canada?

<p>Latitude influences the amount of sunlight a region receives, which in turn alters its climate, affecting temperature and seasonal variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do ocean currents have on the climate of coastal areas?

<p>Ocean currents affect climate by altering temperatures; warm currents promote milder climates while cold currents can lead to cooler temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between elevation and climate.

<p>Higher elevations result in colder temperatures because the air pressure is lower, causing air particles to expand and cool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relief influence precipitation in an area?

<p>Relief affects the amount of precipitation by determining how air is forced to rise over mountains, leading to condensation and rainfall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of plate tectonics and how does it contribute to geological events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

<p>The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust is divided into large plates that move and interact, causing geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between folding and faulting in geological processes.

<p>Folding occurs when rock layers are pushed together and bend, while faulting happens when rock layers break and shift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what happens during the process of subduction.

<p>Subduction occurs when a denser oceanic plate slides underneath a continental plate, leading to geological features like trenches and volcanic arcs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the seven major tectonic plates and their significance.

<p>The seven major tectonic plates are the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American plates, significant for their roles in Earth's geological activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of rocks involved in the rock cycle, and how are they formed?

<p>The three types of rocks in the rock cycle are igneous (formed by cooling and solidification), sedimentary (formed by erosion and sedimentation), and metamorphic (formed by heat and pressure).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have glaciers influenced the land and ecosystems of Canada?

<p>Glaciers shaped much of Canada during the last ice age, affecting the distribution of plants and animals as they retreated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the distinct landform regions observed in Canada?

<p>Climate, topography, and geology are the main factors that contribute to the distinct landform regions in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the three types of plate movements.

<p>Divergent plates move apart, convergent plates move toward each other, and transform plates slide past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates renewable resources from non-renewable resources?

<p>Renewable resources can be replenished by nature at a faster rate than they are consumed, while non-renewable resources are formed slowly and cannot be replaced within a human time scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define flow resources and provide an example.

<p>Flow resources are constantly produced by nature and their supply cannot be negatively impacted by human activities, such as sunlight and wind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary industries?

<p>Primary industries focus on extracting natural resources, secondary industries are concerned with manufacturing products from those resources, and tertiary industries provide services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two major issues Canada faces concerning its water resources.

<p>Canada faces challenges with water scarcity and pollution affecting its water resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the environmental implications of fracking in natural gas extraction?

<p>Fracking can lead to environmental costs such as groundwater contamination and increased seismic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two factors that influence the location of industries and provide examples.

<p>Access to natural resources and transportation are key factors; for instance, a steel factory may be located near iron mines and transportation routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges does the fishing industry in Canada face?

<p>The fishing industry faces issues such as overfishing and the depletion of certain fish stocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is electricity primarily generated in Canada?

<p>Electricity in Canada is mainly generated through hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal power sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two significant advantages of hydroelectric and nuclear energy?

<p>Low carbon emissions are significant advantages of both hydroelectric and nuclear energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dependency Load (DL) measure?

<p>The Dependency Load measures the ratio of people not of working age to those who are of working age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Birth Rate (BR) calculated?

<p>The Birth Rate is calculated using the formula (Amount of Births/Population) x 1000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact have baby boomers had on Canada?

<p>Baby boomers have significantly impacted Canada's economy, workforce, healthcare, and retirement systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

<p>The Natural Increase Rate is calculated by subtracting the Death Rate (DR) from the Birth Rate (BR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate the Net Migration Rate (NMR)?

<p>The Net Migration Rate is calculated by subtracting the Emigration Rate (ER) from the Immigration Rate (IR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Population Growth Rate (PGR) represent?

<p>The Population Growth Rate represents the increase in the number of people in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you convert a rate (e.g., 10/1000) to a percentage?

<p>To convert a rate to a percentage, divide the rate by 10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plate Tectonics

The theory that the Earth's crust is divided into large plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

Earth's Crust

The outermost layer of the Earth, composed of relatively thin and rigid rock.

Earth's Mantle

The layer beneath the crust, composed of hot, semi-solid rock that can flow over long periods.

Earth's Outer Core

The layer beneath the mantle, composed of liquid iron and nickel.

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Earth's Inner Core

The innermost layer of the Earth, composed of solid iron and nickel due to immense pressure.

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Divergent Plate Movement

The process where two tectonic plates move apart, creating new crust at mid-ocean ridges.

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Convergent Plate Movement

The process where two tectonic plates collide, resulting in subduction or mountain formation.

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Transform Plate Movement

The process where two tectonic plates slide past each other in opposite directions, causing earthquakes.

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Canadian Shield

Canada's oldest and largest landform region, formed over a billion years ago, with rocky terrain and abundant freshwater.

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Canadian Lowlands

Lowlands in Canada are characterized by flat, fertile plains.

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Western Cordillera

Canada's highest and youngest mountain range, formed by the collision of tectonic plates.

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Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands

The area around the Hudson Bay, known for its flat, marshy terrain and cold climate.

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Latitude

The amount of sunlight a location receives, influencing its temperature and climate.

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Ocean Currents

The movement of warm or cold water currents that influence the climate of coastal areas.

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Air Masses

Large bodies of air with specific temperature and moisture characteristics that influence regional weather.

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Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, often driven by job opportunities and a higher standard of living.

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Green Belt

Areas surrounding cities that are protected from development, often designated to preserve natural landscapes and resources.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people or organisms an area can support without causing environmental damage. It relates to sustainable development and resource management.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of a country's overall well-being, considering factors like health, education, and standard of living.

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Building Up Not Out

A strategy for urban development that focuses on building taller buildings within existing city areas rather than spreading outwards, aiming to reduce sprawl and conserve natural environments.

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Demographics

The characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and migration patterns.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that explains population growth trends by dividing it into four stages: high birth and death rates, falling rates, and finally, low birth and death rates.

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Dependency Load

The ratio of people who are not of working age (children and elderly) to those who are of working age.

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Birth Rate (BR)

The number of births in a population per year per 1000 people.

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Death Rate (DR)

The number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 people.

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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

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Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The difference between the immigration rate (people coming in) and the emigration rate (people leaving).

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Population Growth Rate (PGR)

The overall increase in the number of people in a population, considering both natural increase and net migration.

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Renewable resources

Resources that can be replenished by nature at a rate fast enough to be available for human use indefinitely, as long as our consumption is sustainable.

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Non-renewable resources

Resources that are created by nature so slowly (millions of years) that the amount we have today is all we'll ever have.

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Flow resources

Resources that are constantly being produced by nature and their supply is not affected by human activities.

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Primary industries

Industries focused on extracting or producing raw materials from the natural environment.

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Secondary industries

Industries that process raw materials into finished products.

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Tertiary industries

Industries that provide services to individuals and businesses, not goods.

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Total stock

All parts of the natural environment, including energy sources, living organisms, and non-living materials.

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Factors influencing industry location

Factors that influence the location of industries, such as access to raw materials, transportation networks, and markets.

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Study Notes

Plate Tectonics

  • Theory of plate tectonics: The Earth's crust is made up of large plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and mountain building.
  • Earth's layers: Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.
  • Major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American.
  • Canadian locations prone to tectonic activity: West coast and Arctic.
  • Processes of folding and faulting: Folding occurs when rock layers bend, faulting occurs when they break and shift.
  • Types of plate movements:
    • Divergent: Plates move apart, commonly along mid-ocean ridges.
    • Convergent: Plates move toward each other.
      • Continental-Oceanic: Oceanic plate slides under continental plate (subduction).
      • Continental-Continental: Plates collide and curve upwards to form mountains (same density).
    • Transform: Plates slide past each other, causing small earthquakes.

The Rock Cycle

  • Rocks in the rock cycle: Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.
  • Processes include cooling and solidification, erosion and sedimentation, and heat and pressure.

Canada's Glacial History

  • Glaciers covered much of Canada during the last ice age, shaping the land and altering plant and animal distribution.
  • Glaciers advanced across Canada four times in the last 2.5 million years.

Types of Landform Regions

  • Distinct landforms and vegetation in different regions of Canada due to climate, topography and geology.
  • Three main types: Canadian Shield, lowlands, and highlands.
  • Canadian Shield: Oldest and largest landform region.

Climate

  • Factors influencing climate: Latitude, ocean currents, winds, air masses, elevation, relief, nearness to water.
  • Latitude determines the amount of sunlight.
  • Ocean currents affect climate of a region.
  • Air masses carry climatic conditions.
  • Elevation affects air temperature.
  • Relief: Shapes and surfaces of land affect precipitation.

Unit 2: Human-Environment Interactions

  • Renewable resources: Can be replenished by nature at a rate capable of sustaining human use.
  • Non-renewable resources: Non-replenishable; important categories include fossil fuels and minerals.
  • Flow resources: Constantly produced by nature; Examples include sunlight, wind and water currents.
  • Primary industries: Focused on producing or extracting resources.
  • Secondary industries: Focus on making goods using products from primary industries.
  • Tertiary industries: Provide services.
  • Natural Resources issues: Water scarcity, pollution, overfishing and depletion of fish stocks, pollution and economic benefits/environmental issues of oil and gas extraction.
  • Farming issues: Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and loss of farmland.

Unit 3: Changing Populations

  • Demographics: Characteristics of a population, such as age, gender and migration.
  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Model used to understand population growth patterns. Stages include high birth and death rates, falling birth and death rates, and low birth and death rates.
  • Different ways of generating electricity: Hydroelectric, nuclear, thermal power
  • Factors affecting industries location: Resources, transportation and market demand.

Unit 4: Livable/Sustainable Communities

  • Characteristics of livable cities: Accessibility, safety and quality of life.
  • Urbanization: People moving from rural areas to urban areas.
  • Rural depopulation: Decline of population in rural areas.
  • Green belts: Protected areas of land surrounding cities.
  • Carrying capacity: Maximum population an area can support.
  • Human Development Index: Measure of a country's well-being (health, education, and standard of living).
  • Building up, not out: Densifying urban areas by building taller buildings.

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Geography Cheat Sheet PDF 2021

Description

Explore the fundamentals of plate tectonics and the rock cycle in this quiz. Learn about Earth's layers, major tectonic plates, and the processes that shape our planet, including folding and faulting. Test your knowledge on how these geological processes affect regions and contribute to Earth's dynamic structure.

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