Plasma Proteins and Functions Quiz
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What is the primary function of haptoglobin in plasma?

  • To transport free iron to tissues
  • To serve as a marker for liver inflammation
  • To transport bilirubin to the liver
  • To bind and preserve extracellular hemoglobin (correct)

    • How does the concentration of orosomucoid change in cases of cirrhosis of the liver?

  • It remains unchanged
  • It decreases significantly
  • It increases markedly (correct)
  • It fluctuates unpredictably

    • Which statement regarding alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is accurate?

  • AFP levels decrease during pregnancy
  • AFP serves as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (correct)
  • Normal levels in adults are over 1µg/100ml
  • AFP is primarily found in adult plasma

    • What triggers an increase in haptoglobin levels in the plasma?

    <p>Free hemoglobin accumulation after hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is orosomucoid concentration likely to decrease?

    <p>Liver diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of transferrin in the circulatory system?

    <p>To bind and transport iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the Hb-Hp complex contributes to its function?

    <p>It is too large to be filtered by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ceruloplasmin play in relation to copper in the human body?

    <p>It regulates copper levels in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of haptoglobin in the plasma?

    <p>To bind free hemoglobin and facilitate its clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with decreased levels of ceruloplasmin?

    <p>Wilson disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the rapid removal of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex from plasma?

    <p>The action of hepatocytes in removing complex from circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of copper transport, what distinguishes ceruloplasmin from albumin?

    <p>Ceruloplasmin binds copper tightly, making it less exchangeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for the inactivation of proteases in the plasma?

    <p>Alpha-2-macroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate normal plasma concentration range of ceruloplasmin?

    <p>30-50 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated by low haptoglobin levels?

    <p>Intravascular hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme activities are attributed to ceruloplasmin?

    <p>Ferroxidase, copper oxidase, and histaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rapid fall in haptoglobin levels suggest regarding a patient's condition?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein carries the majority of copper present in circulation?

    <p>Ceruloplasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transferrin in the body?

    <p>Transporting iron from the gut to various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does transferrin release iron into cells?

    <p>Through receptor-mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total iron-binding capacity attributed to the concentration of transferrin in plasma?

    <p>300 mg of iron per deciliter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is NOT classified as a β-globulin of clinical importance?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to transferrin receptor after iron dissociation in lysosomes?

    <p>It is recycled back to the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to see increased transferrin levels?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE about C-reactive protein?

    <p>It decreases during inflammatory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of haemopexin?

    <p>Binding hem from the breakdown of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about complement C1q is TRUE?

    <p>It triggers the classical complement pathway upon binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gamma globulins are primarily known for their role in which function?

    <p>Providing antibody activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following conditions would you likely find decreased levels of transferrin?

    <p>Hemochromatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor reflects a clinical significance of C-reactive protein?

    <p>Predictor of risk for coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could a high level of haemopexin most likely indicate?

    <p>Pregnancy or malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does transferrin function in the body?

    <p>It carries iron in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low level of C1q indicate in patients?

    <p>Presence of Ag-Ab complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin is responsible for 75-80% of the osmotic pressure of human plasma due to its high molecular weight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoalbuminemia can lead to the retention of fluid in tissue spaces, resulting in edema.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin's ability to transport includes binding to bilirubin and certain steroid hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decrease in albumin levels does not affect calcium levels in the serum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin has a higher buffering capacity compared to other plasma proteins because of its low concentration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal serum level of transferrin in plasma is approximately 250 mg/dL.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transferrin can transport up to 3 moles of Fe3+ per mole of the protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ApoTf is degraded within the lysosome after iron release.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of transferrin can bind a total of 150 g of iron per deciliter in plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transferrin receptors are present only on liver cells in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leads to increased activity of elastase, resulting in lung tissue destruction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smoking has no impact on the function of α1-antitrypsin in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PIZZ phenotype of α1-antitrypsin produces excess amounts of functional protein, leading to lower risk of emphysema.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers of mutant α1-antitrypsin form aggregates in the liver, contributing to cirrhosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methionine residue 358 in α1-antitrypsin is crucial for its interaction with proteases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IgA is the main antibody in the secondary response and does not fix complement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinogen is synthesized in the muscles and constitutes approximately 8-10% of total plasma protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IgE mediates immediate hypersensitivity and does not fix complement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinogen's highly negative charge is due to the presence of aspartic acid, which contributes to its solubility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin primarily transports sodium ions, cholesterol, and various drugs in the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma consists of water, electrolytes, metabolites, nutrients, proteins, and ______.

    <p>hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin is the major protein of human plasma, making up approximately ______% of the total plasma protein.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver produces about ______ g of albumin per day.

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature human albumin consists of one polypeptide chain of ______ amino acids.

    <p>585</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin migrates fastest in electrophoresis at ______ pH.

    <p>alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin is responsible for 75-80% of the osmotic pressure of human plasma due to its low molecular weight and large ______.

    <p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoalbuminemia can lead to retention of fluid in tissue spaces, resulting in ______.

    <p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin has the maximum buffering capacity among plasma proteins due to its high ______.

    <p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conditions of hypoalbuminemia, calcium levels in serum may be ______.

    <p>decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin plays a predominant role in maintaining blood volume and body fluid ______.

    <p>distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Column chromatography was first demonstrated by ______ in 1906.

    <p>TSWETT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In column chromatography, the phase that moves is referred to as the ______ phase.

    <p>mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stationary phase in column chromatography is also known as the ______.

    <p>adsorbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adsorbents require activation before use, which can be achieved by ______.

    <p>heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For efficient separation, the ratio of Adsorbate to Adsorbent should be ______ or ______.

    <p>1:20, 1:30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of removing the components from the column is known as ______.

    <p>elution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In increasing order of polarity, the mobile phases include cyclohexane, carbondisulphide, and ______.

    <p>ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adsorption chromatography is a surface phenomenon when the stationary phase is solid and the mobile phase is ______.

    <p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated silica gel is classified as a ______ adsorbent.

    <p>strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alumina requires activation at about ______ degrees Celsius.

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of weak adsorbents compared to strong adsorbents?

    <p>Weak adsorbents contain fewer components than strong adsorbents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adsorbents is classified as a strong adsorbent?

    <p>Activated charcoal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of an adsorbate to adsorbent ratio of 1:30 in the separation process?

    <p>It promotes efficient separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum temperature for activating alumina as an adsorbent?

    <p>400°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the process of activating adsorbents?

    <p>Activation can result in the loss of water and other adsorbed materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mobile phases contribute to the separation process in chromatography?

    <p>They are used to introduce the mixture and help elute pure components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence represents the mobile phases in increasing order of polarity?

    <p>Cyclohexane &lt; Ether &lt; Alcohols &lt; Acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does a strong adsorbent typically exhibit compared to a weak adsorbent?

    <p>Higher adsorption capacity for solutes with closely related properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if adsorbents are heated for too long during activation?

    <p>There is a potential loss of adsorbent activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason compounds are separated in column chromatography?

    <p>Relative affinities towards the stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stationary phase is used in adsorption chromatography?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal properties of the stationary phase in column chromatography?

    <p>Uniform size, high mechanical stability, and inertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial focus of chromatography when first demonstrated by Tswett?

    <p>Separation of colored substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of column chromatography does the mobile phase remove solutes through a liquid-solid interaction?

    <p>Adsorption chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines partition column chromatography?

    <p>Separation based on solubility in liquid phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the mobile phase in chromatography?

    <p>It can be either liquid or gas based on the chromatography type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the efficiency of a chromatography column?

    <p>Color of the stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do components elute from the chromatography column?

    <p>In sequence of their affinity towards the stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography is NOT categorized under column chromatography?

    <p>Column slab chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium carbonate is classified as a strong adsorbent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optimal activation temperature for activated silica gel is 200°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adsorbates and adsorbents should have a ratio of 1:10 for efficient separation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longer column lengths are preferred for strong adsorbents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclohexane has a higher polarity than chloroform in the context of mobile phases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Column chromatography can be performed using either a solid stationary phase or a liquid stationary phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of column chromatography is based on the separation of components due to their relative affinities toward the stationary phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adsorption chromatography exclusively uses a gas as the mobile phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ideal particle size for the stationary phase in column chromatography ranges from 60 to 200 nanometers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'eluate' refers to the process of removing components from the column.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plasma Proteins - Chemistry, Functions, and Clinical Significance

    • Plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, metabolites, nutrients, proteins, and hormones.
    • Total protein concentration in human plasma is approximately 6.0-8.0 g/dL, making up a major portion of plasma solids.
    • Plasma proteins are a complex mixture, including simple proteins and conjugated proteins (glycoproteins and lipoproteins).

    Plasma Protein Components

    • Water makes up 90% of plasma.
    • Organic components (other than proteins) comprise 9%.
    • Albumin accounts for 7% of plasma.
    • Globulins make up 2.7% of plasma.
    • Fibrinogen comprises 0.3% of plasma.
    • Other organic components account for 2%.
    • Inorganic components make up 1% of plasma.

    Separating Plasma Proteins

    • Salting-out methods: used to separate fibrinogen, albumin, and globulins by varying sodium or ammonium sulfate concentrations.
    • Electrophoresis: used to separate plasma proteins into five major fractions: albumin, α₁ and α₂ globulins, β globulins, and γ globulins

    Albumin

    • Albumin (69 kDa) is the major plasma protein (3.4-4.7 g/dL).
    • It constitutes approximately 60% of total plasma protein.
    • 40% of albumin is in plasma, 60% is in the extracellular space.
    • Albumin has a half-life of about 20 days.
    • It migrates fastest in electrophoresis at alkaline pH and precipitates last in salting-out methods.
    • The liver produces approximately 12 g of albumin per day (25% of total hepatic protein synthesis).
    • Albumin is initially synthesized as a preproprotein.
    • Its signal peptide and a hexapeptide are removed during processing.
    • Mature albumin is a single polypeptide chain of 585 amino acids with 17 disulfide bonds.
    • It has an ellipsoidal shape, and its low molecular weight contributes to its function of maintaining osmotic pressure.

    Albumin Functions

    • Colloidal osmotic pressure: responsible for 75-80% of plasma osmotic pressure and maintains blood volume and prevents fluid from leaking into tissue spaces (edema).
    • Transport: binds various ligands such as free fatty acids, calcium, certain steroid hormones, bilirubin, copper, and various drugs (e.g., sulfonamides, penicillin G).
    • Nutritive: serves as a source of amino acids for tissue protein synthesis, especially during nutritional deprivation.
    • Buffering: plays a key role in maintaining acid-base balance due to the presence of histidine residues.
    • Viscosity: exerts low viscosity.
    • Blood-brain barrier: prevents albumin-bound free fatty acids from crossing into the brain.

    Albumin Clinical Significance

    • Hypoalbuminemia: low albumin levels can lead to fluid retention in tissue spaces (edema). This may arise from cirrhosis of the liver, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, burns, or malabsorption, among other factors.
    • Protein-bound calcium: in hypoalbuminemia, total calcium levels may drop, but ionic calcium remains unchanged.
    • Drug interactions: drugs with high affinity for albumin can compete for binding sites, displacing other drugs.
    • Newborns: in newborns, drugs can displace bilirubin from albumin, leading to bilirubin deposition in the brain (kernicterus).

    Globulins

    • Separation: separated by half-saturation with ammonium sulfate.
    • Molecular weight: ranges from 90,000 to 1,300,000.
    • Electrophoresis separates globulins into α₁-, α₂-, β-, and γ-globulin fractions.

    α-Globulins

    • Examples: α₁-antitrypsin, orosomucoid (α₁-acid glycoprotein), α₁-fetoprotein (AFP).
    • α₁-antitrypsin: a single-chain protein that inhibits trypsin, elastase, and other proteases.
    • Polymorphic forms: at least 75 polymorphic forms occur, with MM being the most common. A Z variant leads to emphysema and liver cirrhosis.
    • Smoking and emphysema: smoking oxidizes methionine in α₁-antitrypsin, reducing its proteolytic activity.

    α₂-Globulins

    • Examples: haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, α₂-macroglobulins.
    • Haptoglobin: binds free hemoglobin in the blood.
    • Ceruloplasmin: copper-containing glycoprotein, carries most of the copper in blood plasma, and assists in copper transport.
    • α₂-macroglobulin: inactivates protease enzymes.

    β-Globulins

    • Examples: transferrin, C-reactive protein, haemopexin, complement C1q, and lipoproteins (LDL).
    • Transferrin: iron transport protein.
    • C-reactive protein (CRP): acute-phase protein and a marker of inflammation.
    • Haemopexin: binds free heme.
    • Complement C1q: part of the complement system.

    γ-Globulins

    • These are immunoglobulins (antibodies).
    • Their primary function is to mediate the body's immune response.

    Additional Information

    • Acute phase proteins: exhibit increased levels in response to inflammation and tissue damage.
    • Negative acute phase proteins: show decreased levels in response to inflammation and tissue damage.
    • Abnormal proteins: such as Bence Jones proteins and cryoglobulins, can indicate various diseases.

    Clinical Significance of Plasma Proteins

    • Hyperproteinemia: refers to abnormally high plasma protein levels. Causes include dehydration, excessive vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, pyloric stenosis, diuresis, and intestinal obstruction.
    • Hypoproteinemia: abnormally low plasma protein levels. Causes include nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, severe liver diseases, malnutrition, extensive burns, pregnancy, and malignancy.
    • Hypergammaglobulinemia: abnormally high plasma gamma globulin levels. Polyclonal elevation may occur in chronic infections, chronic liver diseases, sarcoidosis, and autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal elevations can appear in multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, lymphosarcoma, and leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and concentrations of various plasma proteins, including haptoglobin, orosomucoid, and transferrin. Understand the implications of these proteins in conditions like cirrhosis and their roles in the human body. This quiz will challenge your grasp of important physiological concepts.

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