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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of HDL cholesterol?
What is the main function of HDL cholesterol?
What is the normal range for Total Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
What is the normal range for Total Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
What is the primary source of cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries?
What is the primary source of cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries?
What is the reference range for VLDL Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
What is the reference range for VLDL Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
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What is the term for the total amount of cholesterol in the blood?
What is the term for the total amount of cholesterol in the blood?
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What is the reference range for a healthy HDL Cholesterol level?
What is the reference range for a healthy HDL Cholesterol level?
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Which component is part of the hydrophilic surface of lipoproteins?
Which component is part of the hydrophilic surface of lipoproteins?
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What is the main function of HDL in the body?
What is the main function of HDL in the body?
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Apolipoproteins can be found in which structure?
Apolipoproteins can be found in which structure?
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What distinguishes chylomicrons from other lipoproteins based on density?
What distinguishes chylomicrons from other lipoproteins based on density?
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Which of the following does not have a specific function according to the classification of lipoproteins?
Which of the following does not have a specific function according to the classification of lipoproteins?
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What is a distinct feature of esterified cholesterol?
What is a distinct feature of esterified cholesterol?
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Which apolipoprotein is not correctly paired with its type?
Which apolipoprotein is not correctly paired with its type?
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What is a major source of cholesterol in the plasma?
What is a major source of cholesterol in the plasma?
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What classifies a disorder as primary dyslipidemia?
What classifies a disorder as primary dyslipidemia?
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Which main lipoprotein is elevated in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
Which main lipoprotein is elevated in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
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Which condition is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which condition is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
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Which disorder is linked to Secondary Dyslipidemia?
Which disorder is linked to Secondary Dyslipidemia?
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What is the primary characteristic of fatty liver disease?
What is the primary characteristic of fatty liver disease?
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What is the main lipid elevated in Familial Hyperchylomicronemia?
What is the main lipid elevated in Familial Hyperchylomicronemia?
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Which lipoproteins are elevated in Mixed Hypertriglyceridemia?
Which lipoproteins are elevated in Mixed Hypertriglyceridemia?
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Which process is a primary cause of atherosclerosis?
Which process is a primary cause of atherosclerosis?
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What condition is characterized by total cholesterol below normal levels?
What condition is characterized by total cholesterol below normal levels?
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Which lipid measurement indicates a risk of atherosclerosis when elevated above 130 mg/dL?
Which lipid measurement indicates a risk of atherosclerosis when elevated above 130 mg/dL?
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Which disorder is NOT associated with hypercholesterolemia?
Which disorder is NOT associated with hypercholesterolemia?
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Which risk factor is common to both coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis?
Which risk factor is common to both coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis?
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What is dyslipidemia mainly associated with?
What is dyslipidemia mainly associated with?
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Which condition is associated with high levels of cholesterol and also affects the endocrine system?
Which condition is associated with high levels of cholesterol and also affects the endocrine system?
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What condition is characterized by low levels of HDLC (< 40 mg/dL)?
What condition is characterized by low levels of HDLC (< 40 mg/dL)?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with hypocholesterolemia?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with hypocholesterolemia?
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Study Notes
Plasma Cholesterol
- Total cholesterol is the sum of HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood.
- HDL (good) cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from arteries, while LDL (bad) cholesterol is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockage in arteries.
- VLDL cholesterol contributes to plaque buildup in arteries.
Reference Range
- Total cholesterol: 150-200 mg/dL (healthy), 200-240 mg/dL (at risk), > 240 mg/dL (dangerous)
- HDL cholesterol: > 60 mg/dL (healthy), 40-60 mg/dL (at risk), < 40 mg/dL (dangerous)
- LDL cholesterol: < 100 mg/dL (healthy), 100-130 mg/dL (at risk), > 130 mg/dL (dangerous)
- VLDL cholesterol: < 30 mg/dL (healthy), > 30 mg/dL (at risk)
Primary and Secondary Dyslipidemia
- Primary dyslipidemia occurs due to genetic disorders.
- Secondary dyslipidemia occurs due to diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and drug-induced causes.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is the thickening or hardening of arteries caused by plaque buildup.
- Risk factors include high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity.
Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart or blood vessels.
- It can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, brain, or body due to atherosclerosis and blood clots.
Fatty Liver Disease
- Fatty liver disease is a condition caused by excessive fat buildup in the liver.
- An accumulation of intrahepatic fat > 5% is dangerous to health.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are complex particles with a central hydrophobic core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, a hydrophilic surface of phospholipids and free cholesterol, and apoproteins.
- Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins.
Classification of Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are classified into five major types based on density: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
- Lipoproteins with high lipid content have low density and large size, while those with high protein content have high density and compact size.
Functions of Lipoproteins
- Chylomicrons transport dietary TG from the intestine to adipose tissue for storage and to muscle, heart, and brain for energy.
- VLDL transports endogenous TG from the liver to peripheral tissue for energy.
- LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues.
- HDL transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
Sources of Plasma Cholesterol
- The liver is the main source of plasma cholesterol.
- Cholesterol can also come from dietary sources.
Clinical Importance of Plasma Cholesterol
- High levels of LDL-C (> 130 mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL) are risk factors for coronary heart disease.
- High levels of VLDL-C (> 30 mg/dL) show the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
- Abnormal total cholesterol: HDL ratio shows the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
- Hypocholesterolemia (rare condition) is associated with hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, malnutrition, hemolytic jaundice, and inflammation.
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Description
Learn about plasma cholesterol values, unesterified and esterified cholesterol, and lipoproteins in blood plasma. Understand how lipids are transported in the blood as complexes with proteins.
