30 Questions
What is the main function of HDL cholesterol?
To remove cholesterol from the arteries
What is the normal range for Total Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
150-200 mg/dL
What is the primary source of cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries?
LDL Cholesterol
What is the reference range for VLDL Cholesterol in a healthy individual?
< 30 mg/dL
What is the term for the total amount of cholesterol in the blood?
Total Cholesterol
What is the reference range for a healthy HDL Cholesterol level?
> 40 mg/dL
Which component is part of the hydrophilic surface of lipoproteins?
phospholipids
What is the main function of HDL in the body?
Transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
Apolipoproteins can be found in which structure?
Lipoproteins
What distinguishes chylomicrons from other lipoproteins based on density?
They float on centrifugation due to high lipid content
Which of the following does not have a specific function according to the classification of lipoproteins?
IDL
What is a distinct feature of esterified cholesterol?
It is part of cholesterol esters
Which apolipoprotein is not correctly paired with its type?
Apo D - Apo G
What is a major source of cholesterol in the plasma?
Liver synthesis
What classifies a disorder as primary dyslipidemia?
Genetic Disorders
Which main lipoprotein is elevated in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
LDL
Which condition is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Low cholesterol levels
Which disorder is linked to Secondary Dyslipidemia?
Diabetes Mellitus
What is the primary characteristic of fatty liver disease?
Intrahepatic fat accumulation greater than 5%
What is the main lipid elevated in Familial Hyperchylomicronemia?
TG
Which lipoproteins are elevated in Mixed Hypertriglyceridemia?
Chylomicrons and VLDL
Which process is a primary cause of atherosclerosis?
Plaque build-up in the artery's inner lining
What condition is characterized by total cholesterol below normal levels?
Hyperthyroidism
Which lipid measurement indicates a risk of atherosclerosis when elevated above 130 mg/dL?
LDLC
Which disorder is NOT associated with hypercholesterolemia?
Malabsorption
Which risk factor is common to both coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis?
Hypertension
What is dyslipidemia mainly associated with?
Lipid or lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency
Which condition is associated with high levels of cholesterol and also affects the endocrine system?
Hypothyroidism
What condition is characterized by low levels of HDLC (< 40 mg/dL)?
Coronary heart disease
Which condition is NOT typically associated with hypocholesterolemia?
Nephrotic syndrome
Study Notes
Plasma Cholesterol
- Total cholesterol is the sum of HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood.
- HDL (good) cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from arteries, while LDL (bad) cholesterol is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockage in arteries.
- VLDL cholesterol contributes to plaque buildup in arteries.
Reference Range
- Total cholesterol: 150-200 mg/dL (healthy), 200-240 mg/dL (at risk), > 240 mg/dL (dangerous)
- HDL cholesterol: > 60 mg/dL (healthy), 40-60 mg/dL (at risk), < 40 mg/dL (dangerous)
- LDL cholesterol: < 100 mg/dL (healthy), 100-130 mg/dL (at risk), > 130 mg/dL (dangerous)
- VLDL cholesterol: < 30 mg/dL (healthy), > 30 mg/dL (at risk)
Primary and Secondary Dyslipidemia
- Primary dyslipidemia occurs due to genetic disorders.
- Secondary dyslipidemia occurs due to diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and drug-induced causes.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is the thickening or hardening of arteries caused by plaque buildup.
- Risk factors include high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity.
Cardiovascular Disease
- Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart or blood vessels.
- It can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, brain, or body due to atherosclerosis and blood clots.
Fatty Liver Disease
- Fatty liver disease is a condition caused by excessive fat buildup in the liver.
- An accumulation of intrahepatic fat > 5% is dangerous to health.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are complex particles with a central hydrophobic core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, a hydrophilic surface of phospholipids and free cholesterol, and apoproteins.
- Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins.
Classification of Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are classified into five major types based on density: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
- Lipoproteins with high lipid content have low density and large size, while those with high protein content have high density and compact size.
Functions of Lipoproteins
- Chylomicrons transport dietary TG from the intestine to adipose tissue for storage and to muscle, heart, and brain for energy.
- VLDL transports endogenous TG from the liver to peripheral tissue for energy.
- LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues.
- HDL transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
Sources of Plasma Cholesterol
- The liver is the main source of plasma cholesterol.
- Cholesterol can also come from dietary sources.
Clinical Importance of Plasma Cholesterol
- High levels of LDL-C (> 130 mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL) are risk factors for coronary heart disease.
- High levels of VLDL-C (> 30 mg/dL) show the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
- Abnormal total cholesterol: HDL ratio shows the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
- Hypocholesterolemia (rare condition) is associated with hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, malnutrition, hemolytic jaundice, and inflammation.
Learn about plasma cholesterol values, unesterified and esterified cholesterol, and lipoproteins in blood plasma. Understand how lipids are transported in the blood as complexes with proteins.
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