Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissues

• Regions of continuous cell division and growth in plants
• Apical meristems: found at tips of root and shoots, increase in length as they produce new cells and primary tissues
• Lateral meristems: produce tissues that increase in girth of roots and stems, occur at cambium
• Intercalary meristems: found at the base of leaves and internodes

Permanent Tissues

• Plant cells that are no longer actively dividing
• Complex tissues: composed of multiple types of cells
• Dermal tissue: outermost layer of cells, protects plant from external factors
• Vascular tissue: responsible for transportation of water, nutrients, and sugars
• Ground tissue: acts as food storage and site of cellular regeneration and photosynthesis

Simple Tissues

• Parenchyma: most abundant tissue in plants, has thin cell walls and intercellular air spaces
• Collenchyma: provides support in soft, non-woody plant organs, has elongated cells with plasticity
• Sclerenchyma: support tissue composed of hard, woody cells, impregnated with lignin
• Periderm: replaces the epidermis in stems and roots of older woody plants

Meristematic Growth

• Primary growth: increase in length of plant, occurs at tips of stems and roots, takes place at apical meristems
• Secondary growth: increase in girth of plants, occurs in gymnosperms or woody eudicots, takes place at lateral meristems

Other Tissues and Structures

• Protoderm: found in outermost layer of cells, has flat, brick-shaped cells
• Cuticle: prevents water loss, forms a waxy layer on the surface of plants
• Pro cambium: forms cambium and primary vascular tissues
• Cortex: ground tissue that usually forms between dermal and vascular tissue
• Pith: ground tissue that usually forms inside the vascular tissue
• Hemicellulose: used as energy source by germinating embryos
• Chlorenchyma: chloroplast-containing cells that specialize in photosynthesis
• Aerenchyma: tissue with extensive connected air/intracellular spaces
• Sclereids: protects seeds inside fruit, forms impenetrable surfaces
• Fibers: resist attacks from insects, fungi, and pests
• Cutin: fatty substance in cuticle that prevents loss of water
• Trichomes: special outgrowths or hairs
• Stomata: tiny pores that facilitate diffusion of carbon dioxide
• Cork cells: cells that are dead at maturity and are coated with suberin
• Xylem: conducts water and minerals, and is dead at maturity
• Phloem: distributes food and minerals

Meristematic Tissues

• Regions of continuous cell division and growth in plants
• Apical meristems: found at tips of root and shoots, increase in length as they produce new cells and primary tissues
• Lateral meristems: produce tissues that increase in girth of roots and stems, occur at cambium
• Intercalary meristems: found at the base of leaves and internodes

Permanent Tissues

• Plant cells that are no longer actively dividing
• Complex tissues: composed of multiple types of cells
• Dermal tissue: outermost layer of cells, protects plant from external factors
• Vascular tissue: responsible for transportation of water, nutrients, and sugars
• Ground tissue: acts as food storage and site of cellular regeneration and photosynthesis

Simple Tissues

• Parenchyma: most abundant tissue in plants, has thin cell walls and intercellular air spaces
• Collenchyma: provides support in soft, non-woody plant organs, has elongated cells with plasticity
• Sclerenchyma: support tissue composed of hard, woody cells, impregnated with lignin
• Periderm: replaces the epidermis in stems and roots of older woody plants

Meristematic Growth

• Primary growth: increase in length of plant, occurs at tips of stems and roots, takes place at apical meristems
• Secondary growth: increase in girth of plants, occurs in gymnosperms or woody eudicots, takes place at lateral meristems

Other Tissues and Structures

• Protoderm: found in outermost layer of cells, has flat, brick-shaped cells
• Cuticle: prevents water loss, forms a waxy layer on the surface of plants
• Pro cambium: forms cambium and primary vascular tissues
• Cortex: ground tissue that usually forms between dermal and vascular tissue
• Pith: ground tissue that usually forms inside the vascular tissue
• Hemicellulose: used as energy source by germinating embryos
• Chlorenchyma: chloroplast-containing cells that specialize in photosynthesis
• Aerenchyma: tissue with extensive connected air/intracellular spaces
• Sclereids: protects seeds inside fruit, forms impenetrable surfaces
• Fibers: resist attacks from insects, fungi, and pests
• Cutin: fatty substance in cuticle that prevents loss of water
• Trichomes: special outgrowths or hairs
• Stomata: tiny pores that facilitate diffusion of carbon dioxide
• Cork cells: cells that are dead at maturity and are coated with suberin
• Xylem: conducts water and minerals, and is dead at maturity
• Phloem: distributes food and minerals

This quiz covers the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues, and their functions in plant growth and development.