79 Questions
Match the following regions in a root tip with their descriptions:
Region of cell division = Location of root apical meristem Region of elongation = Where ground meristem, protoderm, and procambium are found Region of maturation = Where root hairs occur Root cap = Protective layer at the tip of the root
Match the following plant tissues/cells with their descriptions:
Epidermis = Tissue covering the primary plant body Parenchyma cells = Cells making up the epidermis Guard cells = Function to create and control stomatal openings Stomata = Openings on leaves and stems for gas exchange
Match the following leaf structures with their functions:
Upper epidermis = Location of the cuticle in photosynthetic organs Lower epidermis = Location of stomata in photosynthetic organs Cuticle = Waxy layer secreted on outer walls of parenchyma cells Guard cells = Occur in pairs and regulate stomatal openings
Match the following with their correct cell types:
Parenchyma Tissue = Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Tissue = Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Tissue = Sclerenchyma Cells Epidermis = Guard Cells
Match the following with their correct functions:
Xylem = Transport of water and minerals Phloem = Transport of organic nutrients Dermal Tissue System = Protection and prevention of water loss Ground Tissue = Storage and support
Match the following tissue systems with their locations:
Dermal Tissue System = Epidermis Vascular Tissue System = Xylem and Phloem Ground Tissue System = Interior of the plant body Periderm = Outer protective layer in woody plants
Match the following primary meristems with their locations:
Protoderm = Dermal tissue system Ground Meristem = Ground tissue system Procambium = Vascular tissue system Apical Meristems = Root and shoot tips
Match the following cell types with their functions:
Guard Cells = Regulation of gas exchange and water loss Root Hairs = Increase surface area for water absorption Trichomes = Protection against herbivores and excess sunlight Companion Cells = Assist in nutrient transport in phloem
Match the following plant structures with their components:
Xylem = Tracheids, Vessel Elements, Parenchyma Cells, Fibers Phloem = Sieve-Tube Elements, Companion Cells, Parenchyma Cells, Fibers Epidermis = Parenchyma Cells, Guard Cells, Root Hairs, Trichomes Periderm = Cork Cells, Cork Cambium Cells, Parenchyma Cells
Match the following types of ground tissues with their respective cell types:
Parenchyma tissue = Parenchyma cells Collenchyma tissue = Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma tissue = Sclereids and fibers Mesophyll tissue = Mesophyll cells
Match the following structures with their functions in the leaf epidermis:
Guard cells = Regulating stomatal opening and closing Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Stomata = Gas exchange Parenchyma cells = Support and storage
Match the following gases with their movement through the stomata:
Oxygen = Moves out of the leaf Carbon dioxide = Moves into the leaf Water vapor = Moves out of the leaf Nitrogen = Not involved in gas exchange
Match the following plant tissues with their characteristics:
Parenchyma tissue = Specialized for photosynthesis Collenchyma tissue = Unevenly thickened primary cell walls Palisade mesophyll = Made up of column-shaped cells Spongy mesophyll = Round, irregular shape with large spaces between cells
Match the following descriptions with the correct mesophyll tissue in a leaf:
Top side of the leaf = Palisade mesophyll Function of spaces = Promotes gas exchange in spongy mesophyll Palisade mesophyll relative to spongy mesophyll = Maximizes photosynthesis
Match the following statements with the correct plant cells in a Helianthus stem:
Parenchyma cells function in photosynthesis = Thin-walled storage cells Collenchyma tissue description = Brick shaped with unevenly thickened walls
Match the following cell types with their characteristics:
Collenchyma cells = Principal supporting cells in organs with primary growth Sclerenchyma tissue = Contains fiber cells with very thick secondary cell walls Parenchyma cells = Commonly found in pear flesh Sclereid cells = Have thick cell walls and pits
Match the following actions with the correct steps for observing collenchyma tissue:
Using a razor blade = To make a thin slice of celery petiole Positioning tissue on a microscope slide = After adding a drop of water and a coverslip Looking for clusters of collenchyma cells = Demonstrated by instructor Sketching what you see = Including labeling collenchyma cells with thick primary cell walls
Match the following components with their roles in providing mechanical support to the stem:
Vascular bundle cap = Made of fiber cells from sclerenchyma tissue Fiber cells = Staining bright red due to lignin in thick secondary walls Thick secondary cell walls = Helps identify fiber cells in the stem Mechanical support = Provided by fiber cells giving strength to the stem
Match the following observations with their indications in a prepared slide of a Helianthus sp. stem:
Locating a vascular bundle = Identifiable structure in the stem cross-section Red “cap” of tissue = Made of fiber cells from sclerenchyma tissue Bright red staining = Due to lignin presence in thick secondary cell walls Comparing with Fig. 1.22 on p. 8 = To aid in identifying different structures on the slide
What is the main function of the root cap in a root tip?
To protect the apical meristem
Which of the following tissues is found just behind the root apical meristem?
Ground meristem
Where are root hairs typically found in the root tip?
Region of maturation
What is the primary function of the epidermis in leaves?
Protection
What is the role of the cuticle on the epidermis of leaves and stems?
To reduce water loss
What is the function of the guard cells in the leaf epidermis?
To control the opening and closing of stomata
What is the primary function of sclereids?
Mechanical support or protection
Which tissue is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved nutrients in the plant?
Xylem
What is the major function of the phloem tissue in the plant?
Transport of nutrients and food
What is the main difference in shape between the parenchyma cells and the cells of the vascular bundle in the longitudinal section of the Zea mays stem?
Parenchyma cells are more spherical, while vascular cells are more elongated.
What is the function of the bundle sheath in a vascular bundle?
Provides structural support
Which cell type is responsible for the transport of dissolved nutrients in the plant?
Sieve tube elements
What is the main function of the vascular tissue system?
To transport water, minerals, and organic molecules
Which tissue system typically comprises the bulk of the plant body?
Ground tissue system
What is the outermost covering of a plant called?
Dermal tissue
Which of the following cell types can be found in multiple tissue systems?
Parenchyma cells
What is the source of primary growth in plants?
Apical meristems
Which of the following statements is true about plant cells?
Some cell types are specific to certain tissue systems
What is the primary function of the ground tissue system?
To perform photosynthesis and storage
Which tissue system is responsible for the outer covering of the plant body?
Dermal tissue system
What will the leaf primordium develop into?
A new leaf
Which meristem will give rise to the vascular tissue system?
Procambium
What does the bud primordium develop into?
A new stem
Which meristem will give rise to the dermal tissue system?
Protoderm
Which cell type can be differentiated from tracheids by the lack of visible pits?
Bundle sheath cells
What is the function of pits in plant cells?
Gas exchange
Where are sieve tube elements and companion cells located?
Phloem tissue
Which cell type is found only in angiosperms and gnetophytes?
Vessel elements
In xylem tissue, where are tracheids, fibers, and vessel elements located?
Tracheids - stems, Fibers - leaves, Vessel elements - roots
Which of the following is NOT a component of xylem tissue?
Companion cells
What does the leaf primordium become?
A leaf
What does the bud primordium become?
A bud
What tissue system will the ground meristem become?
Ground tissue system
What tissue system will the protoderm become?
Dermal tissue system
What tissue system will the procambium become?
Vascular tissue system
What is the primary function of the ground tissue system?
Storage, photosynthesis, and other functions
What is the main function of collenchyma cells?
Supporting cells in organs with primary growth
How can you identify fiber cells of the sclerenchyma tissue in a stem slide?
Bright red lignin staining in thick secondary cell walls
Where can you find sclereid cells in pear flesh?
Amongst the parenchyma cells
What is the function of pits in plant cells?
Areas where there is no secondary cell wall
What is the role of sieve tube elements and companion cells in plants?
Conducting sugars and providing metabolic support
What is the main function of the root cap in a root tip?
Protection and sensing environmental cues
What are the three main regions behind the root cap in the root tip?
The region of cell division, the region of elongation, and the region of maturation (or differentiation)
Where are root hairs typically found in the root tip?
Root hairs occur only in the region of cell maturation.
What is the tissue covering the primary plant body?
Epidermis
What is the function of guard cells in the leaf epidermis?
Guard cells function to create and control openings called stomata.
What do photosynthetic leaves and stems often secrete on the outer walls of parenchyma cells?
A waxy layer called a cuticle
Where are sieve tube elements and companion cells located?
In the phloem tissue
What is the function of pits in plant cells?
Pits allow for the movement of water and nutrients between adjacent cells.
How does the shape of the sieve tube elements compare to the shape of tracheids?
Sieve tube elements are roughly the same shape and size as tracheids.
What distinguishes vessel elements from tracheids in xylem tissue?
Vessel elements are found only in angiosperms and gnetophytes, while tracheids are found in the xylem of all vascular plants.
Where are companion cells and sieve tube elements located?
Companion cells and sieve tube elements are located in the phloem tissue.
What is the major function of the phloem tissue in plants?
The major function of phloem tissue is to transport organic nutrients throughout the plant.
What is the outermost covering of a plant called?
The outermost covering of a plant is called the epidermis.
What is the major function of sclereids?
Provide mechanical support or protection
What is the major function of the xylem?
Transport water and dissolved nutrients
What is the major function of the phloem?
Transport organic nutrients
What is the major difference in shape between parenchyma cells and cells of the vascular bundle in the longitudinal section?
Parenchyma cells are rounder, while cells of the vascular bundle are elongated.
What is the main function of the vessel elements within a vascular bundle?
Transport water
What is the role of the bundle sheath in a vascular bundle?
Protect and support the vascular bundle
Study Notes
Tissue Systems and Cell Types
- Primary meristems: located at the tip of every root and shoot, produce new cells that differentiate into three primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium) that ultimately produce the mature tissues of the primary plant body
- Dermal Tissue System:
- Outermost covering of the plant body
- Made up of parenchyma cells
- Epidermis: layer of parenchyma cells that secretes a waxy layer called a cuticle
- Guard cells: occur in pairs and function to create and control openings called stomata
- Ground Tissue System:
- Bulk of the plant body
- Made up of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells
- Functions: storage, photosynthesis, and other functions
- Vascular Tissue System:
- Conducts water, dissolved minerals, sugars, and hormones throughout the plant body
- Made up of xylem tissue (conducts water and minerals) and phloem tissue (conducts sugars and hormones)
Cell Types
- Parenchyma Cells:
- Thin-walled cells with a large vacuole
- Found in dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems
- Functions: photosynthesis, storage, and support
- Collenchyma Cells:
- Elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls
- Found in stems and petioles, provide mechanical support
- Sclerenchyma Cells:
- Thick-walled cells with lignin in their secondary cell walls
- Provide mechanical support and protection
- Found in vascular bundles and bundle caps
- Tracheids:
- Dead, hollow cells that conduct water and minerals
- Found in xylem tissue
- Vessel Elements:
- Dead, hollow cells that conduct water and minerals
- Found in xylem tissue, wider and with pits
- Sieve Tube Elements and Companion Cells:
- Conduct sugars and hormones
- Found in phloem tissue
Root and Shoot Tips
- Root Tip:
- Region of cell division: where the root apical meristem is located
- Region of elongation: where the ground meristem, protoderm, and procambium are found
- Region of maturation: where root hairs occur
- Shoot Tip:
- Apical meristem: produces new cells that differentiate into dermal, ground, and vascular tissues
- Leaf and bud primordia: develop into leaves and buds### Root Tip Structure
- The root tip consists of three main regions: cell division, elongation, and maturation (or differentiation)
- These regions overlap, but the region of cell division is where the root apical meristem is located
- The ground meristem, protoderm, and procambium are found just behind the region of cell division
Region of Cell Maturation
- Root hairs (extensions of epidermal cells) occur only in the region of cell maturation
- Root hairs can be used to identify the beginning of this region
Primary Plant Body Tissues
- Dermal tissue covers the primary plant body
- The epidermis is a layer or layers of parenchyma cells
- Photosynthetic leaves and stems often secrete a waxy layer on the outer walls of the parenchyma cells, called a cuticle
Leaf Structure
- Guard cells occur in pairs and function to create and control openings called stomata (singular = stomate)
- The upper and lower epidermis, associated cuticle(s), guard cells, and stomata can be identified in a prepared slide of a Ligustrum sp. (privet) leaf
Test your knowledge on tissue systems, tissues, and cell types in flowering plants with this quiz. Identify various plant tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, along with different cell types like tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube elements, and companion cells.
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