Plant Tissue Study Quiz

Plant Tissue

• Plant growth occurs only in specific regions known as meristematic tissue.
• Meristematic tissue is responsible for cell division and growth.
• There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical, lateral, and intercalary.
• Apical meristem is found at the tips of stems and roots, increasing the length of the plant.
• Lateral meristem is found in the vascular cambium and cork cambium, increasing the width of the plant.
• Intercalary meristem is found at the base of leaves and internodes, increasing the length of internodes.
• Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissue when cells lose their ability to divide.
• Permanent tissues are classified based on cell structure and function: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and complex permanent tissue.
• Parenchyma tissue is living, loosely packed cells with thin walls and large intercellular spaces. It provides support and storage, and can carry out photosynthesis (chloroplasts) or aeration (aerenchyma).
• Collenchyma tissue is living, elongated cells with thickened cell walls, mainly made of cellulose and pectin. They provide mechanical support and flexibility to stems and leaves.
• Sclerenchyma tissue is composed of long, dead cells with thick, lignified cell walls. They provide strength and support to the plant body.
• Complex permanent tissue includes xylem and phloem, which are responsible for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.
• Xylem transports water and minerals unidirectionally from roots to leaves. It consists of tracheids, vessels, fibers, and xylem parenchyma.
• Phloem transports food and other soluble substances bidirectionally throughout the plant. It consists of sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem fibers, and phloem parenchyma.
• Epidermis is the outermost protective layer of the plant body, preventing water loss, injury, and pathogen invasion.
• Epidermis is covered with a waxy layer called cuticle.
• Stomata are small pores on the epidermis that facilitate gas exchange.
• Cork is a protective layer that replaces the epidermis in older stems and roots.

Animal Tissue

• Animal tissues are specialized groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are four major types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
• Epithelial tissue forms linings and coverings of internal and external surfaces.
• Blood is a connective tissue with plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones, and cells throughout the body.
• Connective tissue provides support, binds together tissues, and protects organs.
• Bone is a type of connective tissue that provides support, protection, and aids in movement, with a matrix composed of calcium, phosphorus, and other compounds.
• Ligaments are strong connective tissues that connect bones to each other providing strength and flexibility.
• Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for muscle movement.
• Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in joints, ears, and nose, providing cushioning and support.
• Areolar connective tissue is found beneath the skin and around organs, providing support and cushioning.
• Adipose tissue stores fat and functions as insulation for the body.
• Muscular tissue is responsible for movement, with three major types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, elongated, cylindrical, and multinucleated. It attaches to bones and allows for voluntary movement.
• Smooth muscle is involuntary, unstriated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated. It is found in the walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, and other internal organs.
• Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, branched, and uninucleated. It is found only in the heart and responsible for pumping blood.
• Nervous tissue is responsible for communication and coordination, composed of neurons.
• Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. They transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.