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Questions and Answers
A bushy habit (in ornamental pot plants) and increased ______ formation (strawberries) are two examples.
A bushy habit (in ornamental pot plants) and increased ______ formation (strawberries) are two examples.
runner
Plant material needs little attention between ______.
Plant material needs little attention between ______.
subcultures
Micropropagation disadvantages: A specialized and ______ production facility is needed.
Micropropagation disadvantages: A specialized and ______ production facility is needed.
expensive
Explants and cultures have to be grown on a medium containing ______ or some other carbon source.
Explants and cultures have to be grown on a medium containing ______ or some other carbon source.
As they are raised within glass or plastic vessels in a high relative humidity, and are not usually photosynthetically self-sufficient, the young plantlets are more susceptible to ______ in an external environment.
As they are raised within glass or plastic vessels in a high relative humidity, and are not usually photosynthetically self-sufficient, the young plantlets are more susceptible to ______ in an external environment.
Mother plant selection and preparation: They must be typical of the variety or species, and free from any symptoms of ______.
Mother plant selection and preparation: They must be typical of the variety or species, and free from any symptoms of ______.
The production of new plant outgrowths or ______ which, when separated from the culture are capable of giving rise to complete plants.
The production of new plant outgrowths or ______ which, when separated from the culture are capable of giving rise to complete plants.
The customary second step in the micropropagation process is to obtain an ______ culture of the selected plant material.
The customary second step in the micropropagation process is to obtain an ______ culture of the selected plant material.
Micropropagation is the mass vegetative production of plants in ______ for the purpose of commercial plant production.
Micropropagation is the mass vegetative production of plants in ______ for the purpose of commercial plant production.
Propagation could happen through terminal or axillary ______, or by the propagation of adventitious shoots or embryos from somatic cells.
Propagation could happen through terminal or axillary ______, or by the propagation of adventitious shoots or embryos from somatic cells.
Many plants grown from seed are without most of the pests and diseases that may have afflicted their ______.
Many plants grown from seed are without most of the pests and diseases that may have afflicted their ______.
A group of asexually reproduced plants is termed ______.
A group of asexually reproduced plants is termed ______.
Some plants do not produce viable ______.
Some plants do not produce viable ______.
Cultures are started with very small pieces of plants called ______.
Cultures are started with very small pieces of plants called ______.
Methods are available to free plants from specific virus ______, and certified virus-tested plants can be produced in large numbers.
Methods are available to free plants from specific virus ______, and certified virus-tested plants can be produced in large numbers.
Micropropagation can produce clones of some plants that are otherwise slow and difficult to propagate ______.
Micropropagation can produce clones of some plants that are otherwise slow and difficult to propagate ______.
If not carried out carefully, the transfer can result in a significant loss of propagated ______.
If not carried out carefully, the transfer can result in a significant loss of propagated ______.
Shoots developed in culture have often been produced in high ______ and a low light intensity.
Shoots developed in culture have often been produced in high ______ and a low light intensity.
Micropropagated plantlets are not fully dependent on their own ______ when supplied with sucrose and kept in low light conditions.
Micropropagated plantlets are not fully dependent on their own ______ when supplied with sucrose and kept in low light conditions.
The shoot tip used is usually macerated from shoots originating from ______ tip culture.
The shoot tip used is usually macerated from shoots originating from ______ tip culture.
Larger explants are also sometimes used because they may ______ the transfer to in vitro conditions.
Larger explants are also sometimes used because they may ______ the transfer to in vitro conditions.
Stomata of leaves produced in vitro may also be atypical and incapable of complete ______ under low relative humidity.
Stomata of leaves produced in vitro may also be atypical and incapable of complete ______ under low relative humidity.
According to some researchers, there is a competition between cell proliferation and the formation of virus ______ in the meristem region of plants.
According to some researchers, there is a competition between cell proliferation and the formation of virus ______ in the meristem region of plants.
The change to being fully capable of producing their own requirements of carbon and reduced ______ happens after a period of several days ex vitro.
The change to being fully capable of producing their own requirements of carbon and reduced ______ happens after a period of several days ex vitro.
Flashcards
Micropropagation
Micropropagation
The process of creating new plants from tissues or cells grown in a laboratory environment.
Clones
Clones
Plants produced asexually from the same parent plant, resulting in genetically identical individuals.
Seed propagation
Seed propagation
The use of seeds to produce new plants, often resulting in genetic variation.
Space Efficiency
Space Efficiency
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Virus Removal
Virus Removal
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Controlled Environment
Controlled Environment
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Difficult Propagation Methods
Difficult Propagation Methods
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Modified Traits
Modified Traits
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Explants
Explants
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Establishing an aseptic culture
Establishing an aseptic culture
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Production of suitable propagules
Production of suitable propagules
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Preparation for growth in the natural environment
Preparation for growth in the natural environment
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Transfer to the natural environment
Transfer to the natural environment
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In vitro rooting
In vitro rooting
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Increased runner formation
Increased runner formation
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Micropropagation transfer
Micropropagation transfer
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Leaf wax deficiency
Leaf wax deficiency
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Atypical stomata
Atypical stomata
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Shoot tip culture
Shoot tip culture
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Benefits of large explants
Benefits of large explants
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Virus suppression in meristem
Virus suppression in meristem
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Plantlet acclimatization
Plantlet acclimatization
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Ex vitro acclimatization
Ex vitro acclimatization
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Study Notes
Plant Tissue Culture - Micropropagation Techniques
- Micropropagation is the mass vegetative production of plants in vitro for commercial production.
- Propagation happens through terminal or axillary buds, or adventitious shoots/embryos from somatic cells.
- Plants can be propagated through sexual or asexual methods.
- Sexual propagation involves the fusion of parental gametes and develops from zygote embryos in seeds or fruits.
- Asexual propagation maintains the unique characteristics of a "mother plant" or "stock plant," resulting in clones.
- Seed propagation advantages include: large numbers, inexpensive plants, long-term storage, easy distribution, and low risk of pests/diseases.
- Seed propagation disadvantages include: some plants don't produce viable seeds, some take a long time to develop seeds, and seed viability can decrease during storage.
- Micropropagation advantages include: the use of small plant parts (explants), reduced space requirements, production of plants free from viruses, the ability to manipulate growth factors, and the reproduction of difficult or impossible-to-sexually-propagate plants.
- Micropropagation methods also allow for continuous production year-round and little attention between subcultures.
- Micropropagation disadvantages include: specialized expensive facilities, necessary carbon sources, and susceptibility to water loss in the external environment when young plantlets transferred.
Stages of Micropropagation
- Stage 0: Mother plant selection and preparation. Selection of disease-free plants that are representative of the variety/species. Treatment of the chosen plant (or parts) can optimize in vitro culture success.
- Stage I: Establishing an aseptic culture. Explants are transferred to a sterile culture environment. This step involves the growth of shoots or callus.
- Stage II: Production of suitable propagules. New plant outgrowths (propagules) are created that can grow into complete plants (axillary/adventitious shoots, somatic embryos).
- Stage III: Preparation for growth in natural environment. Plantlets are grown, achieving photosynthesis. This includes the in vitro rooting process prior to transfer to the soil.
- Stage IV: Transfer to the natural environment. Safe and successful transfer from in vitro to ex vitro (the actual environment) is crucial to avoid plant loss. Plantlet adaptation to external conditions (e.g., humidity, light) is needed.
- When transferred, in low-light conditions and sucrose (carbohydrate) the photosynthetic rate will be low. Plantlets may require time to fully adapt to producing their own carbon and reduced nitrogen needs.
- Plantlets may need several days to adapt to their environment after being placed in a more stable environment.
Shoot (or Shoot Tip) Culture
- Techniques used for starting cultures from explants bearing an intact shoot meristem.
- Aim is shoot multiplication through repeated axillary branch formation.
- Shoot tip cultures often use shoots up to 20 mm long from actively or dormant growing shoots.
- Larger explants can also optimize the transfer process to in vitro conditions and faster growth.
- Shoot cultures generally include axillary buds, and the size of explants can positively correlate with contamination risk.
- Shoot tips are typically macerated from tips of meristem cultures.
- Research suggests a competition-like situation between cell proliferation and virus reproduction. Nucleic acids are central to this competition.
- Some species can use pinching out the main axis to reduce apical dominance and increase axillary shoot formation by promoting cytokinins.
Current Applications
- Shoot culture remains a key method of micropropagation, although node culture is gaining importance.
- Micropropagation is widely used in commercial tissue culture labs for herbaceous/woody plants.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of micropropagation techniques in plant tissue culture. This quiz covers both sexual and asexual propagation methods and their advantages and disadvantages. Test your understanding of how to mass-produce plants in vitro for commercial use.
