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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of modified root?
Which of the following is NOT a type of modified root?
Phenotypic plasticity in roots refers to the ability of roots to change their form in response to environmental conditions.
Phenotypic plasticity in roots refers to the ability of roots to change their form in response to environmental conditions.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a key function of a root system?
Which of the following is NOT a key function of a root system?
What is the primary function of anchor roots?
What is the primary function of anchor roots?
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Plants require nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Plants require nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
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Pneumatophores are specialized lateral roots that allow for ______ between the roots and the atmosphere.
Pneumatophores are specialized lateral roots that allow for ______ between the roots and the atmosphere.
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Match the following modified root types with their primary function:
Match the following modified root types with their primary function:
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What are the three basic organs of a plant?
What are the three basic organs of a plant?
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The ______ system anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs water and ions, and transports them to the shoot system.
The ______ system anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs water and ions, and transports them to the shoot system.
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Match the following plant structures with their corresponding functions:
Match the following plant structures with their corresponding functions:
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Pneumatophores prevent the roots from being submerged in water.
Pneumatophores prevent the roots from being submerged in water.
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Sugar beets store carbohydrates and other nutrients in their ______ for future use.
Sugar beets store carbohydrates and other nutrients in their ______ for future use.
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Which of the following is NOT a basic organ found in plants?
Which of the following is NOT a basic organ found in plants?
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What is phenotypic plasticity?
What is phenotypic plasticity?
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Match the following leaf types with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following leaf types with their corresponding characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences phenotypic plasticity in shoot systems?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences phenotypic plasticity in shoot systems?
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All plant tissues consist of only one cell type.
All plant tissues consist of only one cell type.
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What is the function of stomata in the dermal tissue system?
What is the function of stomata in the dermal tissue system?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of ground tissue cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ground tissue cell?
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Collenchyma cells are characterized by thin, flexible cell walls.
Collenchyma cells are characterized by thin, flexible cell walls.
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What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells?
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells?
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The ______ tissue system conducts water and dissolved nutrients throughout the plant.
The ______ tissue system conducts water and dissolved nutrients throughout the plant.
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Which of the following cell types is found in both xylem and phloem?
Which of the following cell types is found in both xylem and phloem?
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Match the following plant cell types with their primary function:
Match the following plant cell types with their primary function:
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Plant immune systems are similar to animal immune systems in the way they respond to threats.
Plant immune systems are similar to animal immune systems in the way they respond to threats.
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Study Notes
Plant Structure and Function
- Plant structure forms the basis for plant function
- The chapter examines themes and variations in plant form
- Primary growth extends the plant body (34.3)
- Secondary growth widens shoots and roots (34.4)
- Plant tissues are categorized into systems: dermal, ground, and vascular (34.2)
Plant Tissues and Organs
- Plant tissues and organs (roots, stems, xylem, phloem, leaves, reproductive structures, stomata) have distinct functions
- Adaptations to environmental stress impact photosynthetic rates, water loss, growth, and plant survival
- Plant development enables shoots and roots to increase in length and width
Indeterminate Growth
- A plant's structure is dynamic
- Trimming plants results in predictable regrowth
- Examples include bonsai and landscaping
Plant Form: Themes with Variations
- Photosynthesis requires abundant light, CO2, and water
- Plants require nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, etc.) primarily as ions dissolved in soil water
Root and Shoot Systems
- Tissues work together with a common function
- Organs contain tissues that work together with a common function
- Three basic organs: roots, stems, leaves
- Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, transport water to the shoots, and derive energy from shoot sugars.
- Roots also store materials produced in the shoot system
Root System Components
- Root systems include taproots and lateral roots
- Key functions include anchoring the plant, absorbing ions and water, conducting water and ions to the shoot system, and storing materials
Prairie Grasses
- Prairie grasses show diversity among species
- This diversity minimizes competition for water and resources
Phenotypic Plasticity in Root Systems
- Morphological diversity in roots exists between and among species
- Root form changes in response to the environment
Modified Roots
- Adventitious roots grow from the shoot system
- Examples include anchor roots (to anchor stems to walls or other plants) and prop roots (to stabilize stems)
- Pneumatophores are specialized lateral roots for gas exchange between roots and the atmosphere
- Storage roots store carbohydrates for future use
Phenotypic Plasticity in Shoot Systems
- Shoot size and shape changes based on growing conditions (temperature, wind, water, nutrients, etc.)
Morphological Diversity in Leaves
- Photosynthesis primarily occurs in leaves
- Leaf types vary in structure (simple, compound, doubly compound, or needlelike)
- Different leaf arrangements exist (alternate, opposite, whorled, rosette).
Phenotypic Plasticity in Leaves
- Although leaves don’t grow continuously, they exhibit phenotypic plasticity
- Example: Oak leaves adapt in size and shape depending on sunlight exposure (sun leaves vs. shade leaves)
Plant Cells and Tissue Systems
- Plant cells have cell walls, vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
- Adjacent plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata.
Plant Tissue Systems
- Plant tissues are grouped into systems based on structure and location within the plant
- Simple tissues have a single cell type; complex tissues have multiple cell types
- Three main tissue systems: dermal, ground, and vascular
Dermal Tissue System
- Epidermis: outer tissue layer
- Stomata regulate gas exchange and water loss.
- Trichomes: hair-like appendages for various functions
Ground Tissue System
- Ground tissue is a complex tissue comprised of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
- Parenchyma cells perform photosynthesis and storage
- Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to actively growing plant parts
- Sclerenchyma cells provide rigid support and protection
Vascular Tissue System
- Xylem conducts water and dissolved nutrients
- Phloem conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, etc.
Xylem Structure
- Xylem consists of water-conducting cells, parenchyma cells, and fibers
- Two types of water-conducting cells: tracheids and vessel elements
Phloem Structure
- Phloem consists of sieve-tube elements and companion cells. Sieve-tube elements have perforated ends called sieve plates
- Companion cells maintain the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements
Plant Immune System
- Plants and animals employ various defense strategies against herbivores and pathogens
- Physical barriers (cell walls, waxy cuticles, trichomes)
- Chemical defenses (antimicrobial compounds)
- Localized cell death (hypersensitive response)
- Whole-plant defense (systemic acquired resistance)
Primary Growth
- Primary growth increases the length of roots and shoots
- Meristems (undifferentiated cells) are responsible for growth
- Apical meristems at the tips of roots and shoots, drive primary growth.
- Primary plant body includes dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems
Apical Meristems and Primary Meristems
- Apical meristems give rise to primary meristems
- Primary meristems include protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
- Tissue systems consist of dermal, ground, and vascular tissue
Primary Plant Body
- Primary Plant body is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems
- The body is composed of these tissues
Stems
- Stems extend via growth of apical meristems and cell elongation
- Zones of growth occur within stems
- Zone of cellular division, elongation, and maturation
Roots
- Roots extend into the soil via growth of apical meristems and cell elongation
- Zones within roots also have cellular division, elongation, and maturation
Tissue Systems in Stems
- Tissue systems (vascular, ground, dermal) are arranged distinctly in stems of eudicots and monocots
Secondary Growth
- Secondary growth increases the width of roots and shoots.
- This process results from vascular cambium and cork cambium
Compostion of Secondary Growth
- Includes vascular cambium and cork cambium
- These form vascular tissues, cork tissues, and secondary tissues
Cambia
- Cambia are involved in secondary growth
- Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem
- Cork cambium produces cork
Trunk Structure and Growth Rings
- Heartwood is the old, inner xylem with protective compounds
- Sapwood is the new, outer xylem, still transporting water
- Vascular cambium dormancy occurs in dry or cold seasons
- Annual growth rings alternate between early (wide) and late (narrow) wood, which are indicative of the time of year they were formed.
- Dendroecology studies tree growth rings to understand climate history
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Description
This quiz delves into the structure and function of plants, highlighting key themes such as primary and secondary growth, as well as the categories of plant tissues. Explore how these elements work together to impact photosynthesis, adaptation, and overall plant development. Test your understanding of how plants thrive in various environments.
