Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of stems in plants?
What is the main function of stems in plants?
Which type of stem consists of soft, nonwoody tissues?
Which type of stem consists of soft, nonwoody tissues?
What feature distinguishes dicot and monocot stems internally?
What feature distinguishes dicot and monocot stems internally?
What is the role of lenticels in stems?
What is the role of lenticels in stems?
Signup and view all the answers
What do bundle scars indicate on a stem?
What do bundle scars indicate on a stem?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the stem is responsible for initiating new leaves and buds?
Which part of the stem is responsible for initiating new leaves and buds?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue is typically found in the hypodermis of a dicot stem?
What type of tissue is typically found in the hypodermis of a dicot stem?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bud is located at the tip of the stem?
Which type of bud is located at the tip of the stem?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the shoot apical meristem (SAM)?
What is the function of the shoot apical meristem (SAM)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is produced by the vascular cambium?
Which of the following is produced by the vascular cambium?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the cork cambium?
Which of the following best describes the cork cambium?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'annual ring' refer to?
What does the term 'annual ring' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of growth results from the activity of lateral meristems?
Which type of growth results from the activity of lateral meristems?
Signup and view all the answers
What are vascular rays primarily responsible for?
What are vascular rays primarily responsible for?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are primary xylem and phloem replaced by secondary tissues?
Why are primary xylem and phloem replaced by secondary tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true about monocot and dicot stems?
Which statement is true about monocot and dicot stems?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a xylem ray?
What is a xylem ray?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stem modification is characterized by its growth parallel to the ground with long internodes?
Which stem modification is characterized by its growth parallel to the ground with long internodes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of tubers?
What is a characteristic of tubers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plant is widely known for its use as a laxative?
Which plant is widely known for its use as a laxative?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stem modification is known as 'phyllocades'?
Which stem modification is known as 'phyllocades'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pharmacological use of Chinese rubber tree?
What is the pharmacological use of Chinese rubber tree?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes tunicate bulbs from non-tunicate bulbs?
What distinguishes tunicate bulbs from non-tunicate bulbs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main traditional use of Ephedra?
What is the main traditional use of Ephedra?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following plants is used to alleviate nasal stuffiness?
Which of the following plants is used to alleviate nasal stuffiness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of tendrils in plants?
What is the role of tendrils in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Plant Stems
- Stems are the aerial part of a plant, acting as the axis of the shoot system.
- They provide mechanical support to the plant.
- They are where leaves and reproductive shoots attach.
- They expose leaves and position reproductive shoots for optimal access to pollinators and dispersal agents.
Stem Functions
- Support: Providing structural support for the plant.
- Conduction: Transporting water and nutrients through xylem and phloem.
- Growth: Enabling plant growth.
- Storage: Storing food and water, specifically in succulents.
Stem Types
- Herbaceous: Composed of thin, soft, non-woody tissues.
- Woody: Composed of extensive hard tissues of wood and bark, and are taller and thicker.
Stem External Parts
- Bud scale: Outer protective layer covering the terminal bud.
- Terminal bud: Tip of the stem.
- Terminal bud scale scars: Marks leaves on the stem scars, measuring annual growth.
- Axillary bud/leaf scar: Occurs in the leaf axis on the stem's side, indicating previous leaf position.
- Lenticels: Pores allowing gas exchange.
Stem Internal Parts (Dicot vs. Monocot)
- Epidermis: Present in both, with trichomes sometimes present in dicots.
- Cuticle: Present in both.
- Hypodermis: Present in dicots, made of collenchyma. Absent in monocots, made of sclerenchyma.
- Vascular bundle arrangement: Arranged in a ring/broken rings in dicots; scattered in monocots.
- Bundle sheath: Present in monocots, absent in dicots.
- Cortex & Stele: Present in dicots, absent in monocots.
Stem Growth (Primary vs. Secondary)
- Primary growth: Results from rapidly dividing cells in the apical meristems (shoot and root tips), causing elongation, and the formation of primary meristems (protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem).
-
Primary meristems development:
- Protoderm → epidermis
- Procambium → primary xylem & phloem
- Ground meristem → pith & cortex
-
Secondary growth: Increases stem thickness due to lateral meristems (lacking in monocots).
- Vascular cambium: Divides to produce secondary xylem (replacing primary xylem) and secondary phloem (replacing primary phloem).
- Cork cambium: Divides to produce cork cells containing suberin (waxy substance repelling water), resulting in periderm (replacing epidermis).
Stem Modifications
- Rhizomes: Thickened underground stems with distinct nodes and internodes, and scaly leaves.
- Runners: Stems growing parallel to the ground, creeping, with long internodes, developing from the axils of lower leaves of the aerial stem.
- Stolons: Produced beneath the surface of the ground, used to produce new plants.
- Stem tendrils: Slender twining strands enabling climbing plants to seek support.
- Corms: Short, vertical, swollen underground stems, serving as food storage organs.
- Cladophylls: Green, flattened, cylindrical stems resembling leaves, performing photosynthesis.
-
Tubers: Rhizome's thickened end, fleshy, enlarged for food storage.
- Tunicate: Has a papery outer covering protecting from damage.
- Non-tunicate: Does not have a protective outer covering.
- Bulbs: Modified underground buds that are short stems covered by paper-like bulb scales, modified leaves, often used for food storage.
Stems in Pharmaceuticals
- Specific plant stems are valued for their medicinal properties
Wood Structure
- Annual rings: Alternating concentric rings of light and dark cells over a period of years, reflecting seasonal growth variations.
- Vascular rays: Consist of parenchyma cells, responsible for conducting nutrients and water and storing food.
- Xylem rays part of a ray within the xylem.
- Phloem rays extension of phloem ray through the phloem.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the vital role of stems in plant structure and function. This quiz covers different stem types, their external parts, and their essential functions, such as support, conduction, growth, and storage. Test your knowledge on how stems contribute to the overall health and productivity of plants.