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Questions and Answers
The geographical location of the final plant can have a strong ______ on the success of an industrial venture.
The geographical location of the final plant can have a strong ______ on the success of an industrial venture.
influence
The plant should be located where the ______ cost of production can be obtained.
The plant should be located where the ______ cost of production can be obtained.
minimum
Besides economical aspect, safe ______ conditions are also important for plant operation as well as the surrounding community.
Besides economical aspect, safe ______ conditions are also important for plant operation as well as the surrounding community.
living
A general ______ as to the plant location should be obtained before detailed estimation phase of a design project.
A general ______ as to the plant location should be obtained before detailed estimation phase of a design project.
A ______ location should be established upon completion of the detailed-estimate design.
A ______ location should be established upon completion of the detailed-estimate design.
[Blank] materials availability is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a plant site.
[Blank] materials availability is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a plant site.
The location near the raw-materials source permits considerable reduction in ______ and storage charges.
The location near the raw-materials source permits considerable reduction in ______ and storage charges.
Consideration should be given to the purchased price, distance from the source of supply, ______, and transportation expenses of raw materials.
Consideration should be given to the purchased price, distance from the source of supply, ______, and transportation expenses of raw materials.
The location of markets or distribution centers affects the cost of product distribution and the time required for ______.
The location of markets or distribution centers affects the cost of product distribution and the time required for ______.
[Blank] to the major markets is an important consideration in the selection of a plant site.
[Blank] to the major markets is an important consideration in the selection of a plant site.
It should be noted that ______ are needed for by-products as well as for major final products.
It should be noted that ______ are needed for by-products as well as for major final products.
[Blank] and steam requirements are high in most industrial plants.
[Blank] and steam requirements are high in most industrial plants.
Electrolytic processes require a cheap source of ______.
Electrolytic processes require a cheap source of ______.
Excessive humidity or extremes of hot or cold ______ can have a serious effect on the economic operation of a plant.
Excessive humidity or extremes of hot or cold ______ can have a serious effect on the economic operation of a plant.
[Blank] facilities like water, railroads, and highways are the common means of ______ used by major industrial concerns.
[Blank] facilities like water, railroads, and highways are the common means of ______ used by major industrial concerns.
If possible, the plant site should have access to all three types of ______, and, certainly, at least two types should be available.
If possible, the plant site should have access to all three types of ______, and, certainly, at least two types should be available.
The ______ industries use large quantities of water for cooling, washing, steam generation, and as a raw material.
The ______ industries use large quantities of water for cooling, washing, steam generation, and as a raw material.
If the water supply shows seasonal ______, it may be desirable to construct a reservoir or to drill several standby wells.
If the water supply shows seasonal ______, it may be desirable to construct a reservoir or to drill several standby wells.
The site selected for a plant should have adequate capacity and facilities for correct ______ disposal.
The site selected for a plant should have adequate capacity and facilities for correct ______ disposal.
In choosing a plant site, the permissible ______ levels for various methods of waste disposal should be considered carefully.
In choosing a plant site, the permissible ______ levels for various methods of waste disposal should be considered carefully.
[Blank] and supply of labor available in the vicinity of a proposed plant site must be examined.
[Blank] and supply of labor available in the vicinity of a proposed plant site must be examined.
[Blank] difficulties and obtaining the many required permits can often be much more important in terms of cost.
[Blank] difficulties and obtaining the many required permits can often be much more important in terms of cost.
The ______ of the land at a proposed plant site should be examined carefully.
The ______ of the land at a proposed plant site should be examined carefully.
The ______ of the land is important, as well as local building costs and living conditions.
The ______ of the land is important, as well as local building costs and living conditions.
Before water flood protection, the regional history of natural events of this type should be examined and the consequences of such ______ considered.
Before water flood protection, the regional history of natural events of this type should be examined and the consequences of such ______ considered.
Before fire protection, assistance from outside fire ______ should be available.
Before fire protection, assistance from outside fire ______ should be available.
Before community factor affect, the character and facilities of a community can have quite an ______on the location of the plant.
Before community factor affect, the character and facilities of a community can have quite an ______on the location of the plant.
Cultural facilities of the community are important to sound ______.
Cultural facilities of the community are important to sound ______.
Exact data on items such as freight rates, labor conditions, tax rates, price of land, and general local ______ can be obtained.
Exact data on items such as freight rates, labor conditions, tax rates, price of land, and general local ______ can be obtained.
Many times, the advantages of doing plant outweigh the disadvantages of the particular ______.
Many times, the advantages of doing plant outweigh the disadvantages of the particular ______.
After the diagrams, the equipment within these process units must be ______.
After the diagrams, the equipment within these process units must be ______.
Each plant differs in no single ideal plant ______.
Each plant differs in no single ideal plant ______.
[Blank] processes must be located at a safe distance from other buildings.
[Blank] processes must be located at a safe distance from other buildings.
Possible future ______area should be noted.
Possible future ______area should be noted.
Process units are normally spaced at least ______ apart.
Process units are normally spaced at least ______ apart.
Control rooms are normally located always ______ to the processing units, .
Control rooms are normally located always ______ to the processing units, .
Utility buildings should be sited to give the most ______ run of pipes to and from the process units.
Utility buildings should be sited to give the most ______ run of pipes to and from the process units.
Cooling towers should be sited under the ______ wind.
Cooling towers should be sited under the ______ wind.
The main storage areas should be placed between the ______ and unloading facilities and the process units they serve.
The main storage areas should be placed between the ______ and unloading facilities and the process units they serve.
The next step requires consideration of the safe ______ sequence and gives a primary layout based on the flow of materials.
The next step requires consideration of the safe ______ sequence and gives a primary layout based on the flow of materials.
Flashcards
Plant Location
Plant Location
A location where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained, with room for expansion and safe living conditions.
Plant Location Consensus
Plant Location Consensus
Obtain a general agreement on the plant location should before detailed design, establish a firm location after detailed estimation.
Raw Materials Availability
Raw Materials Availability
Availability of raw materials is a main factor when selecting a plant site because location near the raw material source permits reduction in transportation and storage charges.
Markets
Markets
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Energy Availability
Energy Availability
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Climate Considerations
Climate Considerations
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Transportation Facilities
Transportation Facilities
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Water Supply
Water Supply
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Waste Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal Considerations
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Labor Supply
Labor Supply
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Taxation and Legal Restrictions
Taxation and Legal Restrictions
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Site Characteristics
Site Characteristics
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Flood and Fire Protection
Flood and Fire Protection
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Community Factors
Community Factors
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Selection Factors
Selection Factors
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Ancillary Buildings
Ancillary Buildings
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Process Unit Spacing
Process Unit Spacing
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Plant Layout
Plant Layout
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Emission Concentrations
Emission Concentrations
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Development of (EIA)
Development of (EIA)
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Study Notes
Plant Site Selection & Layout
- Chapter II covers plant site selection and layout
- Course Learning Outcome 2 (CLO2) relates to Bloom's taxonomy and assessment methods
Plant Location
- Factors include influence on success, minimum production and distribution costs
- Availability for expansion and safe living for plant operation and community are vital
- A general consensus on location is needed before detailed estimates begin
- Firm location should be established after detailed estimate design
- Site choice should initially be based on surveys of advantages and disadvantages geographically
- Ultimately based on advantages/disadvantages of available real estate
Factors in Plant Site Selection
- Raw materials availability should be considered
- Markets should be taken into account for site selection
- Energy availability for the plant and its processes is an important factor
- Climate can significantly impact construction and operational costs
- Transportation facilities (rail, road, water) are critical for raw materials and product distribution
- Water supply needed for cooling, washing, steam generation, or raw material
- Waste disposal methods must adhere to recent legal restrictions
- Labor supply in the plant's vicinity is imperative
- Taxation and legal restrictions can greatly influence plant site selection
- Site characteristics such topography and land costs must be examined
- Flood and fire protection assessments are important
- Community factors affect plant location
Raw Materials Availability
- One of the most important factors that influences plant site selection
- Location near raw material sources lowers transport costs and is vital for large consumption
- Key factors in raw materials include:
- Purchase price
- Distance from supply source
- Freight costs
- Availability and reliability
- Purity
- Storage needs
Markets
- Market location impacts product distribution costs and shipping times
- Proximity should be a factor when choosing a plant site as it is helpful to the buyers
- It should be noted markets are key for both product and by-products
Energy and Climate Considerations
- Power and fuel needs is a large factor that must be considered
- Electrolytic plant processes need a cheap source of electricity
- Plants that rely on coal/oil need to be near fuel source
- Local power costs determine whether to buy or generate power
- Excessively hot and cold temperatures as well as excessive humidity is factor
- High costs would be expected when installing equipment for cooling an cold climate
- Serious effect on the economic operation of a plant
Transportation Facilities
- Common transportation methods consist of water, roads and highways
- Necessary to consider railroads to river's motor trucking facilities
- Evaluate need for air and rail transportation facilities between plant and company HQ's
Water Supply
- Process industries use large amounts of water
- Plant must be located where there is a reliable source of supply
- Preferable to have large river or lake
- Deep wells or artesian may be satisfactory if not too much water is required
- Water table, capacity of local rivers and lakes should be known
- Reservoir or standby wells may be drilled with fluctuating seasonal water supply
- Need to consider the temperature, content and cost of purification and supply
Waste Disposal Concerns
- Legal restrictions on waste is involved
- Proper facilities required for correct disposal including adequate capacity
Labor and Legal Factors
- Labor force needed in vicinity of proposed plant site
- Prevailing pay scales must be understood
- Understand work hour restrictions
- Local regulations are needed for zoning, building and codes
Site Characteristics & Safety
- Study costs building conditions as well as the land
- Soil composition is a factor
- Even if not planned new plants need to be constructed with an additional space
- Regional history of flood and fire occurrences should be known
Community Factors
- Subsidy to plant personnel can be a burden without basic living facility
- Cultural facility is conducive to community growth and should be progressive
Selecting a Plant Site
- Raw materials, markets, power supply and climate are the first four factors that must be considered at plant sites
- Consider transportations and water supplies later
- Need to analyze all the factors to have accurate data prices, condidtions etc.
Plant Layout
- Plant layout should be carefully planned and have considerations for the future
- Needs to have proper arrangement
Process Layout
- Buildings should be given the most economical flow of materials
- Hazardous process is not nearby
- Services needed on addition include tank farms
- Maintenace workshops and supplies available
Process Industry Layout & Plant Considerations
- Offices, laboratories, and operations should be away from hazardous processes
- Control rooms should be adjacent to rooms with hazardous processes may need more distance
- Building structures includes materials like main storage pipe and drains
- Cooling tower should be away from wind
Layout Preparation
- Use elementary elevations to scale drawings to know the best locations
- Shows core spacing between storage and equipment
- Know materials and plan of expansion
Importance of Models
- Templates can be rapidly constructed or scaled to be useful
- Plant layouts are used to immediately find errors
- Models are easy to build and are increasing efficiency
- Efficiency can be increased in constructing plan tours
- Models are important and for the plan to be structured
Considerations for Plant Layout
- Economic factor as well to make considerations
- Process equipment for safe construction
- Convenient maintenance and operation
- Future expansions
Environmental Concerns
- Regulations must be meet and vigilance required
- Emissions must care for the land
- Waste management
Environmental Protection
- The Environmental Protection Agency has been tightening many policies and regulations
- Regulations includes disposal of wastes and storm water pollution
- Nonconventional pollutants consist of Phenolic compounds
- 85% of pollution comes from petroleum and must be accounted for
- Valves should be inspected every shift
- OSHA and EPA standards are enforced
Environmental Impact Assessment Development
- Environmental data should have compliance
- Need to analyze and comply and prepare reports
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