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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is produced through the shikimate pathway?
Which of the following is produced through the shikimate pathway?
Secondary metabolism is directly involved in an organism's growth and development.
Secondary metabolism is directly involved in an organism's growth and development.
False
What are the two precursors of the acetate-malonate pathway?
What are the two precursors of the acetate-malonate pathway?
Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
The final product of the shikimate pathway is __________.
The final product of the shikimate pathway is __________.
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Which compound is produced as a precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways?
Which compound is produced as a precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways?
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Terpenoids are solely produced from the mevalonate pathway.
Terpenoids are solely produced from the mevalonate pathway.
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Name the first product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway.
Name the first product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway.
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Cholesterol is synthesized from __________.
Cholesterol is synthesized from __________.
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Which type of terpenoids is defined by having 15 carbon atoms?
Which type of terpenoids is defined by having 15 carbon atoms?
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What is the main product of the mevalonate pathway?
What is the main product of the mevalonate pathway?
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The shikimate pathway leads to the production of fatty acids.
The shikimate pathway leads to the production of fatty acids.
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What are the two main precursors of the shikimate pathway?
What are the two main precursors of the shikimate pathway?
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The process that produces farnesyl pyrophosphate is linked to the __________ pathway.
The process that produces farnesyl pyrophosphate is linked to the __________ pathway.
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Which type of terpenoid contains 10 carbon atoms?
Which type of terpenoid contains 10 carbon atoms?
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Palmitic acid is the only product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway.
Palmitic acid is the only product formed in the acetate-malonate pathway.
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Name one product of the cholesterol pathway.
Name one product of the cholesterol pathway.
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The shikimate pathway ultimately leads to the formation of __________ amino acids.
The shikimate pathway ultimately leads to the formation of __________ amino acids.
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Which step in the mevalonate pathway directly follows the formation of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA?
Which step in the mevalonate pathway directly follows the formation of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA?
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What is the primary product of the shikimate pathway?
What is the primary product of the shikimate pathway?
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Secondary metabolism is primarily responsible for growth and development.
Secondary metabolism is primarily responsible for growth and development.
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Name the first compound formed in the mevalonate pathway.
Name the first compound formed in the mevalonate pathway.
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The final product of the mevalonate pathway is __________.
The final product of the mevalonate pathway is __________.
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Which of the following compounds is a direct precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways?
Which of the following compounds is a direct precursor in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways?
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Triterpenoids contain 10 carbon atoms.
Triterpenoids contain 10 carbon atoms.
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List one product of the acetate-malonate pathway.
List one product of the acetate-malonate pathway.
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The enzyme that processes shikimate to shikimate 3-phosphate requires __________ as a substrate.
The enzyme that processes shikimate to shikimate 3-phosphate requires __________ as a substrate.
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What type of secondary metabolite is classified as having 40 carbon atoms?
What type of secondary metabolite is classified as having 40 carbon atoms?
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What are the aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway?
What are the aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway?
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Secondary metabolism is primarily involved in the development and growth of organisms.
Secondary metabolism is primarily involved in the development and growth of organisms.
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What is the first product formed in the mevalonate pathway?
What is the first product formed in the mevalonate pathway?
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5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate is converted to __________ in the shikimate pathway.
5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate is converted to __________ in the shikimate pathway.
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Which pathway is associated with the production of steroid hormones?
Which pathway is associated with the production of steroid hormones?
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Palmitic acid is the result of the final step in the acetate-malonate pathway.
Palmitic acid is the result of the final step in the acetate-malonate pathway.
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Name one product produced by the acetate-malonate pathway.
Name one product produced by the acetate-malonate pathway.
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The precursor used in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways is __________.
The precursor used in both the mevalonate and cholesterol pathways is __________.
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Which compound is a key intermediate in the production of terpenoids and steroids?
Which compound is a key intermediate in the production of terpenoids and steroids?
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What is the primary function of secondary metabolism?
What is the primary function of secondary metabolism?
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The main products of the shikimate pathway are fatty acids.
The main products of the shikimate pathway are fatty acids.
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What are the main precursors for the mevalonate pathway?
What are the main precursors for the mevalonate pathway?
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The product of the acetate-malonate pathway is __________.
The product of the acetate-malonate pathway is __________.
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What is the first compound formed in the shikimate pathway?
What is the first compound formed in the shikimate pathway?
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Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) can be used to synthesize terpenoids.
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) can be used to synthesize terpenoids.
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Name one product that is synthesized from the cholesterol pathway.
Name one product that is synthesized from the cholesterol pathway.
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Cholesterol is produced from __________ in the cholesterol pathway.
Cholesterol is produced from __________ in the cholesterol pathway.
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Which product is ultimately produced by the shikimate pathway?
Which product is ultimately produced by the shikimate pathway?
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Study Notes
Plant Secondary Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum of chemical processes in a living organism for life.
- Primary Metabolism involves reactions for growth and development, e.g., photosynthesis and respiration.
- Secondary Metabolism involves reactions that produce compounds not directly involved in growth, e.g., alkaloids and terpenoids.
- Secondary Metabolites provide protection against herbivores, pathogens, and UV radiation.
The Shikimate Pathway
- Precursors: Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate
- Products: Aromatic amino acids: L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine
-
Steps:
- Erythrose 4-phosphate and Phosphoenolpyruvate combine to form 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate.
- 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate is converted to 3-Dehydroquianate.
- 3-Dehydroquianate is converted to 3-Dehydro shikimate.
- 3-Dehydro shikimate is converted to Shikimate.
- Shikimate is converted to Shikimate 3-phosphate.
- Shikimate 3-phosphate and Phosphoenolpyruvate combine to form 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate.
- 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate is converted to Chorismate.
The Acetate - Malonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
- Products: Fatty acids
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA combine to form Acetoacetyl-CoA.
- Acetoacetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA combine to form Palmitoyl-ACP.
- Palmitoyl-ACP is converted to Palmitic Acid.
- Fatty acid elongation continues with each round of the cycle.
- This pathway is essential for the synthesis of fats and oils in plants.
The Mevalonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, and steroids
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA and Acetoacetyl-CoA combine to form β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA.
- β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA is converted to Mevalonic acid.
- Mevalonic acid is converted to Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP).
- IPP is used to synthesize various terpenoids via the isoprene unit.
- Terpenoids are classified by the number of isoprene units:
- Hemiterpenoids: C5
- Monoterpenoids: C10
- Sesquiterpenoids: C15
- Diterpenoids: C20
- Triterpenoids: C30
- Tetraterpenoids: C40
The Cholesterol Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Cholesterol, steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol), vitamin D, and bile acids
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA and Acetoacetyl-CoA combine to form β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA.
- β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA is converted to Mevalonic acid.
- Mevalonic acid is converted to Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP).
- IPP is used to synthesize farnesyl pyrophosphate.
- Farnesyl pyrophosphate is used to synthesize squalene.
- Squalene is further converted to cholesterol and other sterols.
- Cholesterol is a precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.
Plant Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum of chemical processes within a living organism
- Primary metabolism is essential for growth and development
- Examples of primary metabolic pathways include photosynthesis and respiration
- Secondary metabolism produces compounds not directly involved in growth
- Alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols are examples of compounds produced via secondary metabolism
The Shikimate Pathway
- The shikimate pathway is a metabolic pathway that occurs in plants, bacteria, and fungi that produces aromatic amino acids: L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine
- The shikimate pathway begins with the condensation of erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate
- The central intermediate is shikimate
- The final product of the shikimate pathway is chorismate, which is a precursor to aromatic amino acids
The Acetate-Malonate Pathway
- The acetate-malonate pathway is a metabolic pathway that occurs in plants, bacteria, and fungi
- It produces fatty acids using the precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA
- The acetate-malonate pathway is primarily responsible for the synthesis of saturated fatty acids
The Mevalonate Pathway
- The mevalonate pathway produces isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, and steroids, and starts with acetyl-CoA
- IPP is a key intermediate in the pathway and is a five-carbon molecule that serves as the building block for terpenoids
- Terpenoids are classified according to the number of isoprene units:
Terpenoids:
- Hemiterpenoids: C5
- Monoterpenoids: C10
- Sesquiterpenoids: C15
- Diterpenoids: C20
- Triterpenoids: C30
- Tetraterpenoids: C40
The Cholesterol Pathway
- The Cholesterol pathway begins with acetyl-CoA and produces cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids
- Key intermediates include:
- Farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Squalene
- The Cholesterol pathway is important for maintaining cell membrane integrity and synthesizing steroid hormones
Plant Secondary Metabolism
- Metabolism: The sum of all chemical processes that occur in a living organism in order to maintain life.
- Primary Metabolism: Reactions directly involved in growth and development (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration).
- Secondary Metabolism: Reactions that produce organic compounds not directly involved in growth.
The Shikimate Pathway
- The Shikimate pathway is fundamental for synthesis of aromatic amino acids.
- Precursors: Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate
- Products: Aromatic amino acids (L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine)
-
Steps:
- Erythrose 4-phosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvate = 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate
- 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate = 3-Dehydroquianate
- 3-Dehydroquianate = 3-Dehydro shikimate
- 3-Dehydro shikimate = Shikimate
- Shikimate = Shikimate 3-phosphate
- Shikimate 3-phosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvate = 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate
- 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate = Chorismate
The Acetate - Malonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
- Products: Fatty acids
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA + Malonyl-CoA = Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Acetoacetyl-CoA + Malonyl-CoA = Palmitoyl-ACP
- Palmitoyl-ACP = Palmitic Acid
- Fatty acid elongation continues with each round of the cycle
The Mevalonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, steroids
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA + Acetoacetyl-CoA = β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA
- β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA = Mevalonic acid
- Mevalonic acid = Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)
- IPP is fundamental for synthesis of terpenoids
-
Terpenoids: Classified according to the number of isoprene units,
- Hemiterpenoids have 5 carbons
- Monoterpenoids have 10 carbons
- Sesquiterpenoids have 15 carbons
- Diterpenoids have 20 carbons
- Triterpenoids have 30 carbons
- Tetraterpenoids have 40 carbons
The Cholesterol Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Cholesterol and various steroids (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, vitamin D, bile acids)
-
Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA + Acetoacetyl-CoA = β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA
- β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA = Mevalonic acid
- Mevalonic acid = Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)
- IPP used to synthesize farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Farnesyl pyrophosphate used to synthesize squalene
Metabolism
- Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions within a living organism that sustain life.
- Primary Metabolism involves reactions directly related to growth and development, like photosynthesis and respiration.
- Secondary Metabolism produces compounds not directly involved in growth, such as alkaloids and terpenoids.
Shikimate Pathway
- The Shikimate pathway utilizes erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate as precursors.
- Products of the pathway are aromatic amino acids: L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine.
- The pathway consists of several steps and involves a series of enzymatic reactions.
- The pathway is a key pathway for the synthesis of many secondary metabolites that have important functions in plants.
Acetate-Malonate Pathway
- The Acetate-Malonate pathway uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to produce fatty acids.
- The pathway involves a series of condensation and reduction reactions with repeated additions of two-carbon units.
- Each cycle extends the fatty acid chain by two carbons, resulting in the production of various fatty acids.
Mevalonate Pathway
- The Mevalonate pathway utilizes acetyl-CoA and results in the production of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, and steroids.
- Key product of the pathway, IPP, can be used to synthesize terpenoids through the isoprene unit.
- Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain:
- Hemiterpenoids: contain 5 carbon atoms.
- Monoterpenoids: contain 10 carbon atoms.
- Sesquiterpenoids: contain 15 carbon atoms.
- Diterpenoids: contain 20 carbon atoms.
- Triterpenoids: contain 30 carbon atoms.
- Tetraterpenoids: contain 40 carbon atoms.
Cholesterol Pathway
- The Cholesterol pathway uses acetyl-CoA as the precursor for cholesterol synthesis.
- Other important products of this pathway include steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol), vitamin D, and bile acids.
- The pathway involves a series of reactions that lead to the formation of squalene, a precursor to cholesterol.
- Squalene undergoes further reactions to produce cholesterol, which is an essential component of cell membranes.
- Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various steroid hormones crucial for diverse physiological processes.
Plant Secondary Metabolism
- Secondary Metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants not directly involved in growth and development.
- Primary metabolism are reactions directly involved in growth and development (e.g. photosynthesis, respiration).
The Shikimate Pathway
- Aromatic amino acids (L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine) are synthesized through this pathway.
- The pathway starts with Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate.
- The pathway has seven steps, starting with the formation of 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate and ending with Chorismate production.
The Acetate-Malonate Pathway
- Fatty acids are synthesized through this pathway.
- Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA are precursors.
- The pathway has four steps, starting with the formation of Acetoacetyl-CoA and ending with Palmitic Acid production.
The Mevalonate Pathway
- This pathway begins with Acetyl-CoA and ends with the production of Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids and steroids.
- Mevalonic acid is an important intermediate in the synthesis of IPP, which is the building block of terpenoids.
- Terpenoids are classified by the number of isoprene units they contain.
The Cholesterol Pathway
- This pathway begins with Acetyl-CoA and ends with the production of cholesterol, steroid hormones, Vitamin D and bile acids.
- Farnesyl pyrophosphate and squalene are important intermediates in the pathway.
- IPP is first used to make Farnesyl pyrophosphate which is then used to synthesize squalene.
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Description
Test your knowledge on plant secondary metabolism and the shikimate pathway. This quiz covers the fundamental processes, precursors, and products involved in the production of aromatic amino acids. Understand the significance of secondary metabolites in plant protection.
