Plant Reproductive Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the two nuclei found in the pollen grain during fertilization?

  • To create gametophytic cells
  • To develop into pollen tubes
  • To nourish the egg cell
  • To form the zygote and fusion nucleus (correct)

Which structure is responsible for the formation of the zygote during fertilization?

  • Pollen tube (correct)
  • Embryosac
  • Synergids
  • Antipodals

How many nuclei are contained within the central cell of the embryosac at a certain stage of ovule development?

  • One
  • Eight
  • Three
  • Two (correct)

What is the approximate number of ovules that can be found per ovary in flowering plants?

<p>2 to hundreds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell types are formed when the three cells migrate towards the top of the embryosac?

<p>Antipodals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Walther Flemming use to describe the thread-like structures observed within the nucleus?

<p>Chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did Wilhelm Roux attribute to chromosomes?

<p>Carrying different heritable elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cell division affect the number of chromosomes in daughter cells compared to the parent cell?

<p>Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence of a zygote having 92 chromosomes if the number of chromosomes increased exponentially?

<p>It would cause rapid increases in chromosome numbers in subsequent divisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis did August Weismann propose regarding chromosome numbers?

<p>The number of chromosomes remains constant across generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitotic cell division does the nuclear membrane disappear?

<p>Prophase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromatids during anaphase?

<p>They separate and move toward the poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do chromosomes align at the spindle equator?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the ends of the spindle during prophase?

<p>Centrosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase in animal cells?

<p>The division of cytoplasm begins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of stamens in flowering plants?

<p>They produce male sex cells (pollen). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cross-pollination?

<p>Pollen transfer occurs between two different plants of the same species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the formation of a zygote in plants?

<p>The fertilization of male gametes with female gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parts is included in the structure of the ovule?

<p>Egg cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

<p>To receive pollen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about pollen grains is accurate?

<p>Pollen grains contain a protective covering called exine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the tendency of plants toward self-fertilization in isolation?

<p>Self-pollination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the stigma and ovary in a flowering plant?

<p>Style (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main result of mitosis in terms of daughter cells?

<p>It produces two identical daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cell division is the number of chromosomes halved?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a cell with two sets of chromosomes?

<p>Diploid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of mitosis in the body?

<p>It is responsible for growth and repair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process maintains the number of chromosomes in body cells?

<p>Mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of the fusion of male and female gametes in flowering plants?

<p>Creation of a zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure delivers the male gametes to the ovule during fertilization?

<p>Pollen tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when one male nucleus fuses with the egg cell?

<p>Zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides nourishment to the developing embryo in flowering plants?

<p>Endosperm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the endosperm nucleus rapidly divides by mitosis?

<p>Development of endosperm tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures matures into a seed after fertilization?

<p>Ovule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the integuments in the ovule?

<p>Protect the ovule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key process is referred to when a pollen tube delivers two male nuclei to the ovule?

<p>Double fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the image described?

<p>It does not provide any information about an instrument. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the content of the image?

<p>The image is black with no visible information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the author unable to identify any instrument from the image?

<p>The image is completely black with no details. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the black color of the image suggest about its content?

<p>It signifies nothing can be deduced about an instrument. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the description, what conclusion can be drawn about the information presented?

<p>No relevant information about an instrument exists in the image. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis?

<p>Four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>Meiosis results in cells with half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the legal marriage ages set by the Indian government?

<p>Girls at 18 and boys at 21 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the document discourage?

<p>Child marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sexual maturation indicate?

<p>A gradual process during general growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if gametes do not have half the chromosome number as the parental cell?

<p>Progeny may face genetic disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding mitosis compared to meiosis?

<p>Mitosis is a continuous process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the seed serves as the primary source of nutrients for the developing seedling?

<p>Cotyledon (B), Endosperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the life cycle of a flowering plant after fertilization?

<p>Zygote Formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process directly follows seed germination in the life cycle of a flowering plant?

<p>Seedling Growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the process of pollination in flowering plants?

<p>It involves the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these parts is primarily responsible for anchoring the young plant to the soil?

<p>Radicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main risks associated with unsafe sexual contact?

<p>Transmitting diseases such as AIDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT contributing to the spread of HIV in Telangana state?

<p>Better education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the government take to assist HIV patients in mitigating disease risks?

<p>Creating ART centres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases?

<p>Avoiding sex with unknown partners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the projects like ASHA and Red Ribbon Express?

<p>Improved public knowledge about AIDS symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest part of the cell cycle?

<p>G1 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during M phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Division of the nucleus and cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is where the cell prepares for mitosis?

<p>G2 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

<p>G2 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical reason for regulating the cell cycle?

<p>To prevent uncontrolled cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase immediately follows the synthesis of DNA?

<p>G2 phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase has the shortest duration in the cell cycle?

<p>M phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chromosome function

Chromosomes carry genetic material and ensure equal distribution during cell division.

Constant chromosome number

The number of chromosomes remains the same across generations of cells, maintaining genetic stability.

Chromosome Structure (after observation)

Chromosomes appear double and play a key role in equal division of genetic material when cells split.

Cell division outcome

Cell division results in daughter cells with identical chromosomes to the parent cell.

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Chromosome in sex cells

Egg and sperm cells contain chromosomes to maintain the constant chromosome number after fertilization.

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Pollen grain function

A small structure containing two nuclei that fuse with the egg to initiate fertilization in plants.

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Ovule function

Protective structure containing a food source, gametophytic cells, and reproductive cells (egg) in a plant. It develops into a seed.

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Embryosac location

Located at the center of each ovule, the embryosac is filled with gametophytic cells and resources. It houses the reproductive cells of the flower.

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Pollen tube formation

A tube growing from a pollen grain to allow the delivery of male gametes to the ovule.

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Double fertilization

The fusion of one sperm nucleus with the egg cell forming a zygote and another with polar nuclei forming a fusion nucleus

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Zygote

The fertilized egg cell, the first cell of a new organism.

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Endosperm

Nutrient-rich tissue that develops from the fusion of a male gamete with polar nuclei, providing food for the developing embryo.

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Ovule

Structure within the ovary of a flower that contains the female gametophyte and will develop into a seed after fertilization.

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Embryo

The developing plant in the seed; results from the zygote.

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Pollen Tube

Tube that grows from a pollen grain, delivering male gametes to the ovule.

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Ovary

Protective structure containing the ovules and developing into a fruit after fertilization.

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Seed

The mature ovule containing the embryo and endosperm, enclosed in a protective seed coat.

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Seed Germination

The process where a seed sprouts and develops into a seedling.

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Cotyledon

The seed leaf that provides food for the developing seedling.

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Plumule

The part of the seedling that will become the shoot and leaves.

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Radicle

The part of a seedling that will become the root.

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Plant Reproduction

The process by which plants create new plants.

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Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower, producing pollen.

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Carpel

The female reproductive part of a flower, containing the ovary and ovules.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma.

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Self-pollination

Pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower.

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Cross-Pollination

Pollination of a flower by pollen from a different flower.

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Pollen

Male sex cells of a plant; found on anther.

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Mitosis: What's the outcome?

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. Each cell gets a complete set of chromosomes (2n).

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Meiosis: What happens to the chromosomes?

Meiosis divides a cell into four daughter cells, each with half the original number of chromosomes (n).

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Diploid vs. Haploid

Diploid cells (2n) have two sets of chromosomes, while haploid cells (n) have one set.

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Cell Division Regulation

Cell division is carefully controlled to ensure proper growth and repair of tissues. The process is regulated by internal and external signals.

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Why is cell division important?

Cell division is essential for life processes like growth, reproduction, and tissue repair.

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What are chromatids?

Two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, formed during prophase of mitosis.

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What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers by their centromeres, preparing for separation.

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Anaphase: What happens to chromatids?

Centromeres divide, separating chromatids, which are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.

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What is the role of the spindle fibers?

Fibers made of microtubules that attach to chromosomes during cell division, pulling chromatids apart and guiding the movement of chromosomes.

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What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cytoplasm, following nuclear division, forming two separate daughter cells.

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Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. They combine during fertilization to create a new organism.

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Haploid

Describes a cell with a single set of chromosomes, like gametes. This contrasts with diploid cells which have two sets.

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What's the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis is a continuous process of cell division for growth and repair, while meiosis is a specialized process for creating gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

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Why is it important for gametes to have half the chromosomes?

If gametes did not have half the number of chromosomes, the offspring would have double the normal amount, leading to genetic abnormalities and complications.

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Legal Marriage Age

The Indian government has set a legal minimum age for marriage: 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys.

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Social Responsibility

The text explores whether controlling birth after having a certain number of children is a social responsibility, highlighting the complex social and ethical issues surrounding population control.

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Sexual Maturation

This is a gradual process that occurs alongside general body growth. It does not necessarily indicate readiness for sexual activity or childbearing.

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What is the function of the pollen grain?

A pollen grain is a small structure carrying the male gametes (reproductive cells) in flowering plants. It travels to the ovule where its nucleus fuses with the egg cell, initiating fertilization.

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What is the function of the ovule?

The ovule is the protective structure containing the female gametophyte and nutrients within the ovary of a flower. It develops into a seed after fertilization.

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What is the embryosac?

The embryosac is a structure located at the center of each ovule. It houses the female gametophyte (including the egg cell) and provides the resources needed for fertilization.

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What is double fertilization?

Double fertilization is a unique process in flowering plants where two sperm nuclei from the pollen grain fuse with different cells. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

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What is the endosperm?

The endosperm is a nutrient-rich tissue that develops from the fusion of a sperm nucleus with polar nuclei. It provides nourishment for the developing embryo.

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Birth Control Methods

Practices used to prevent pregnancy. These can include hormonal methods, barrier methods, or surgical procedures.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infections spread through sexual contact. These can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

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What are some factors that contribute to the spread of HIV?

Factors that increase the risk of HIV transmission include illiteracy, poverty, migration, and unsafe sexual practices.

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ART Centres

Facilities providing medication and care for HIV patients.

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ASHA and Red Ribbon Express

Programs focusing on raising awareness about HIV/AIDS risks and prevention.

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Cell Cycle

The series of events leading to cell division and duplication, essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.

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Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows and copies its DNA.

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G1 Phase

The cell grows in size and prepares for DNA replication.

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S Phase

The DNA of the cell is replicated.

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G2 Phase

The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.

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M Phase (Mitosis)

The division of the nucleus and cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

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