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Questions and Answers
What is the stage of the plant life cycle that produces gametes via mitosis?
Which stage of the plant life cycle produces haploid spores by meiosis?
What is the structure that produces haploid spores by meiosis in a plant?
In plant reproduction, what develops from the fusion of gametes?
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Which structure is the most recognizable in most flowering plants?
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What is the stage of the life cycle of a plant that is diploid?
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Where is the stigma located in the flower?
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What structure eventually becomes the fruit?
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Which part of the plant contains the female sporangia?
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What does each microspore develop into?
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What is the male gametophyte derived from?
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What type of cycle is found in all land plants and many algae?
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What process involves the transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma?
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What kind of gametophytes do non-flowering plants like ferns and mosses have?
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In conifers, where is the male gametophyte contained?
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What is the main method of pollination in conifers?
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Why do insects search for pollen in flowers?
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What are showy flowers primarily selected for?
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What is the defining feature of the haplontic life cycle?
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Which life cycle includes both multicellular diploid and haploid generations?
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What is a characteristic of angiosperms?
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How do plants reproduce asexually?
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Which statement accurately describes plant life cycles?
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What is the key difference between plants and animals in terms of reproduction?
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What is pollination in angiosperms?
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What is self-pollination?
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What method of pollination does not require providing nectar and pollen for pollinators?
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In gymnosperms, how does pollination occur?
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What did Gregor Mendel study regarding pollination?
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How are present-day crops mainly produced?
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Study Notes
Plant Reproduction and Development
Gametophyte and Sporophyte
- Gametophyte: a stage in the life cycle of a plant that is haploid, producing gametes via mitosis, which fuse to form a zygote that develops into a sporophyte.
- Sporophyte: a stage in the life cycle of a plant that is diploid, producing haploid spores by meiosis in structures called sporangia.
Flower Parts and Functions
- Pistil or carpels: the innermost whorl of the flower, the female reproductive structure, bearing the female sporangia (megasporangia).
- Stigma: the part of the pistil where the pollen grain attaches during pollination.
- Ovule: contains the female sporangia or megasporangia, eventually becoming the seed.
- Style: the part of the pistil that serves as the stalk of the stigma, leading to the ovary.
- Ovary: found at the base of the pistil, containing one or more ovules, eventually becoming the fruit.
Plant Types based on Reproductive Structures
- Monoecious: a plant type having male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers on the same plant.
- Dioecious: a plant type having male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers on different plants.
Gametophyte Development through Gametogenesis
- Male gametophyte: microsporangium in the anther contains numerous microsporocytes, each undergoing meiosis to produce four haploid microspores, which develop into pollen grains (containing two sperm nuclei and one tube nucleus).
- Female gametophyte: megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes, one of which undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores; three degenerate, and the remaining megaspore divides mitotically three times, forming an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei.
Pollination
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma.
- Wind pollination: found in conifers, pollen is transferred through chance events.
Life Cycles of Non-Flowering Plants
Moss Life Cycle
- No external fertilization occurs, as sperm need water to swim to the egg.
- Limitations: need for water, limited dispersal, and slow reproduction.
Fern Life Cycle
- Conifers have reduced gametophytes.
- Male gametophyte is contained in a dry pollen grain.
- Female gametophyte is a few cells inside the structures that become the seed.
Conifer Life Cycle
- Conifers are wind-pollinated plants.
- Pollination occurs when pollen lands on the scales of female cones.
Flowers and Pollination
The Four Major Whorls
- Sepals
- Petals
- Stamens with anther and filament
- Carpels with stigma, style, ovary, and ovule
Types of Flowers
- Complete: having all four whorls
- Haplontic life cycle: the haploid stage is multicellular, and the diploid stage is the fertilized egg cell
- Haplodiplontic life cycle: includes multicellular diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) generations
- Diplontic life cycle: the diploid stage is multicellular, and the haploid stage is represented by single-celled gametes
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
- Produce reproductive structures called flowers in their sporophyte stages
- Have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction: natural “cloning,” where parts of the plant produce roots and become an independent plant
- Sexual reproduction: requires fusion of male cells in the pollen grain with female cells in the ovule
Alternation of Generations
- Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations
- Allows for both asexual and sexual reproduction
- May be animal-aided or wind-aided
Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination
- Self-pollination: occurs when pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant
- Cross-pollination: transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on plant reproductive organs, flower parts, flower classification, plant development, different types of plant life cycles, and processes in flowering plant reproduction. This quiz is designed to help you compare and contrast various aspects of plant reproduction and development.
