NCERT - SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What type of flowers are cleistogamous flowers most often associated with?

  • Xenogamy
  • Autogamy (correct)
  • Cross-pollination
  • Geitonogamy

    • Cleistogamous flowers require pollinators for seed set.

    False

    What is the process called when pollen grains transfer from the anther to the stigma of another flower on the same plant?

    Geitonogamy

    The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a different plant is known as _____

    <p>Xenogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of pollination with its definition:

    <p>Cleistogamy = Self-pollination without pollinators Geitonogamy = Pollen transfer within the same plant Xenogamy = Pollen transfer between different plants Autogamy = Self-fertilization in flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents do plants primarily use for pollination?

    <p>Biotic agents mostly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xenogamy results in genetically similar pollen types uniting at the stigma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two abiotic agents that plants use for pollination?

    <p>Wind and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do many pollen grains from water-pollinated plants have?

    <p>They are long and ribbon-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal-pollinated plants usually have colorful flowers and produce nectar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two common animal pollinators.

    <p>Bees and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains are protected from wetting by a __________ covering.

    <p>mucilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pollinators with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Bees = Dominant biotic pollinators Birds = Sunbirds and hummingbirds Bats = Nocturnal pollinators Insects = Common pollinators of flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants releases pollen grains inside water?

    <p>Seagrasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers are known to be very colorful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stigma in plant reproduction?

    <p>To receive pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is larger and contains a significant food reserve in a pollen grain?

    <p>Vegetative cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains of all angiosperms are shed at a 3-celled stage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people?

    <p>Pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains of some species can be stored for years in _________.

    <p>liquid nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of angiosperms shed their pollen grains at the 2-celled stage?

    <p>Over 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen consumption has been claimed to have no benefits for athletic performance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cells found in mature pollen grains?

    <p>Vegetative cell and generative cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pollen grain facts with their descriptions:

    <p>Allergy causing = Parthenium (carrot grass) Viability within 30 minutes = Rice and wheat Stored in liquid nitrogen = Pollen banks Nutrient-rich = Pollen tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical structure of an anther?

    <p>Bilobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost wall layer of the anther is responsible for the release of pollen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of the cells in a microspore tetrad?

    <p>Haploid (n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An anther typically consists of four microsporangia located at the __________.

    <p>corners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following wall layers of the microsporangium with their functions:

    <p>Epidermis = Protection and dehiscence Endothecium = Aid in releasing pollen Middle layers = Support and protection Tapetum = Nourishment of pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tapetal cells in the anther?

    <p>To nourish developing pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microspores are formed through a process called microsporogenesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the appearance of a typical microsporangium in a transverse section look?

    <p>Near circular in outline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the stigma of a bagged flower becomes receptive?

    <p>Mature pollen grains are dusted on the stigma and the flower is rebagged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emasculation is necessary for female parents that produce unisexual flowers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fusion of a male gamete with the egg cell's nucleus?

    <p>syngamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary endosperm cell divides repeatedly to form __________ tissue.

    <p>triploid endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective definitions:

    <p>Zygote = Diploid cell formed from the fusion of a male gamete and egg cell Triple Fusion = Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei Primary Endosperm Nucleus = Result of triple fusion, which is triploid Endosperm = Tissue that nourishes the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the event known as double fertilisation?

    <p>Involves syngamy and triple fusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Embryo development occurs before endosperm development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What collectively defines post-fertilisation events?

    <p>Development of endosperm and embryo, maturation of ovule into seed and ovary into fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of converting hybrid seeds into apomicts for farmers?

    <p>Farmers do not need to buy hybrid seeds every year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pollen grains contain a single vegetative cell at the time of shedding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of a pistil?

    <p>Stigma, style, ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is essential for the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

    <p>pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the flower with their corresponding reproductive functions:

    <p>Androecium = Male reproductive organs Gynoecium = Female reproductive organs Pollen grains = Male gametophytic generation Ovules = Contain female gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the outer layer of pollen grains?

    <p>Exine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both abiotic and biotic agents can serve as pollinators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the funicle in ovules?

    <p>It serves as a stalk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the male reproductive structures of a flower called?

    <p>Androecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers do not play any significant role in human culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two parts of a flower where the most important units of sexual reproduction develop.

    <p>Androecium and Gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filament and __________ are the two main parts of a stamen.

    <p>anther</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the flower with their functions:

    <p>Stamen = Male reproductive organ Pistil = Female reproductive organ Petal = Attracts pollinators Sepal = Protects the flower bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flower part is primarily responsible for attracting pollinators?

    <p>Petal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflorescences are formed after the flower has fully developed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the cultivation and management of flowering plants for ornamental purposes?

    <p>Floriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fruit develops from the ovary only?

    <p>True fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fruits are developed through the process of fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one species known to produce parthenocarpic fruits.

    <p>Banana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hard seed coat provides _____ to the young embryo.

    <p>protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following seed types with their characteristics:

    <p>True fruits = Develop only from the ovary False fruits = Include contributions from the thalamus Parthenocarpic fruits = Develop without fertilization Accessory fruits = Involve floral parts other than ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of seeds for angiosperms?

    <p>Increased vulnerability to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeds typically lose viability immediately after dispersal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated dormancy period of the oldest known viable seed?

    <p>10,000 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of endosperm in seeds?

    <p>Source of nutrition for the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coconut water is made up of cellular endosperm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

    <p>Diploid zygote and triploid endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac?

    <p>Embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo or persist in the mature seed, such as in __________.

    <p>castor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary endosperm cell develops after the embryo has formed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where seeds are formed without fertilization?

    <p>apomixis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of embryo with its characteristics:

    <p>Dicotyledonous embryo = Two cotyledons Monocotyledonous embryo = One cotyledon Epicotyl = Part above cotyledons Hypocotyl = Part below cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of endosperm development occurs first?

    <p>Free-nuclear endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the ovary develops into a __________.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the angiosperm embryo with their characteristics:

    <p>Epicotyl = Part that develops into the shoot Hypocotyl = Part that develops into the root Cotyledons = Store food for the embryo Embryonal axis = Connects cotyledons and the main shoot/root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zygote in seed development divides only after sufficient endosperm is formed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the terms epicotyl and hypocotyl refer to in a dicotyledonous embryo?

    <p>Epicotyl refers to the portion above the cotyledons, and hypocotyl refers to the portion below the cotyledons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage does an embryo go through after fertilization?

    <p>Globular stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mature dicotyledonous embryo has a single cotyledon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure formed during microsporogenesis?

    <p>microspores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basal part of the pistil called?

    <p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syncarpous pistils are those that are free and not fused together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stigma in the pistil?

    <p>Landing platform for pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure that connects the ovule to the placenta is called the __________.

    <p>funicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the pistil with their functions:

    <p>Stigma = Catches pollen grains Style = Transports pollen to the ovary Ovary = Contains ovules Placenta = Attachment point for ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protective envelopes do typical ovules have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The micropyle is located at the base of the ovule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is called megasporogenesis?

    <p>Formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pistil during pollen-pistil interaction?

    <p>To recognize and accept compatible pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pistil is unable to distinguish between compatible and incompatible pollen types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if the pistil recognizes incompatible pollen?

    <p>The pistil rejects the pollen, preventing germination and growth of the pollen tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______________ involves the growth of a pollen tube through the style to the ovary after compatible pollination.

    <p>pollen germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the pollen-pistil interaction with their functions:

    <p>Stigma = Site for pollen landing and germination Pollen Tube = Transports male gametes to the ovule Style = Connects stigma to the ovary Synergids = Facilitates entry of pollen tube into the egg apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediates the continuous dialogue between pollen and the pistil?

    <p>Chemical components of pollen and pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only pollen from the same species can lead to successful fertilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a pollen grain after it is accepted by the pistil?

    <p>It germinates on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to deliver male gametes to the ovule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason some pollen grains cause allergies?

    <p>They are shed in large quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains lose viability in all species within 30 minutes of being shed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains can be stored for years in __________.

    <p>liquid nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pollen grain cell types with their characteristics:

    <p>Vegetative cell = Larger, abundant food reserve Generative cell = Smaller, spindle-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which angiosperm group sheds pollen grains primarily at the 2-celled stage?

    <p>Over 60 percent of angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen consumption has been scientifically proven to enhance athletic performance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common environmental factor affecting the viability of pollen grains?

    <p>Temperature and humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pistil serves as a landing platform for pollen grains?

    <p>Stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovule is attached to the placenta by a stalk known as the style.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of pistils based on their structure?

    <p>syncarpous and apocarpous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where a small opening called the __________ is located.

    <p>micropyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the ovule with their descriptions:

    <p>Hilum = The junction between ovule and funicle Chalaza = The basal part of the ovule Micropyle = The small opening at the tip of the ovule Integuments = Protective envelopes surrounding the ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ovules can an ovary contain?

    <p>One to many</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each ovule generally has multiple embryo sacs formed from a single megaspore.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell called?

    <p>megasporogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical shape of an anther in angiosperms?

    <p>Bilobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layers surrounding the microsporangia are responsible for nourishing the developing pollen grains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which microspores are formed in an anther?

    <p>microsporogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transverse section, a typical microsporangium appears near __________ in outline.

    <p>circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of an anther with their functions:

    <p>Epidermis = Protection against environmental factors Endothecium = Aids in dehiscence Middle layers = Provide structural support Tapetum = Nourishes developing pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells in a microspore tetrad?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anther cells have a higher number of nuclei in their tapetal cells compared to other wall layers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many microsporangia are present in each lobe of a typical angiosperm anther?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of plant biology did Panchanan Maheshwari primarily focus on?

    <p>Embryology and tissue culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panchanan Maheshwari was one of the first to emphasize the significance of artificial culture of immature embryos.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prestigious society did Panchanan Maheshwari become a fellow of?

    <p>Royal Society of London</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panchanan Maheshwari contributed to the very first textbooks of Biology for Higher Secondary Schools published by ____ in 1964.

    <p>NCERT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of sexual reproduction in flowering plants?

    <p>Enhances genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Embryology = Study of plant embryos Tissue Culture = Growing plant cells in a controlled environment Taxonomy = Classification of living organisms Morphology = Study of plant structure and form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of flowers in sexual reproduction?

    <p>They aid in mating processes and attract pollinators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All flowering plants reproduce sexually.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation helps wind-pollinated flowers effectively capture pollen grains?

    <p>Large, feathery stigmas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water pollination is a common method of pollination found in many flowering plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a water-pollinated plant.

    <p>Vallisneria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers often produce a(n) __________ amount of pollen compared to the number of ovules available.

    <p>enormous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pollination type with its characteristic:

    <p>Wind Pollination = Transported by air currents Water Pollination = Transported by water Insect Pollination = Requires brightly colored flowers Self-Pollination = Occurs within the same flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding wind-pollinated plants?

    <p>They often have well-exposed stamens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vallisneria, the female flowers reach the surface of the water before releasing pollen grains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of flowers often develop on the surface of the water in aquatic plants?

    <p>Flowers that rely on insects or wind for pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pollen grains in water-pollinated plants?

    <p>They have a mucilaginous covering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers are often characterized by their vibrant colors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two common pollinating agents that are animals.

    <p>Bees and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stigma of a flower is where pollen grains reach for ________.

    <p>pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pollinators with their characteristics:

    <p>Bees = Dominant biotic pollinators Sunbirds = Pollinators for specific flower types Bats = Nighttime pollinators Flies = Attracted to decaying matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many flowers that rely on animal pollinators often exhibit special adaptations?

    <p>To specifically appeal to certain pollinator species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains in seagrasses are released inside water to reach the stigma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both wind and water-pollinated flowers do not produce ________.

    <p>nectar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if the pollen type is compatible with the pistil?

    <p>The pollen germinates and leads to fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stigma is unable to recognize the type of pollen that lands on it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen tubes grow through the __________ to reach the ovary.

    <p>style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediates the dialogue between pollen and pistil during recognition?

    <p>Chemical components of pollen and pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pollen and pistil components with their functions:

    <p>Compatible pollen = Leads to fertilization Incompatible pollen = Prevents pollen germination Pollen tube = Transports male gametes Pistil = Recognizes pollen type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of pollination guarantees successful fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to incompatible pollen when it lands on the stigma?

    <p>It is rejected and does not germinate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when flowering plants produce seeds without fertilisation?

    <p>Apomixis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fruits of some species like Orobanche and Striga contain very few seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed?

    <p>Polyembryony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for floral visitors that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination?

    <p>Pollen robbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each Ficus tree can produce billions of __________.

    <p>seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-incompatibility is a mechanism that allows self-pollen to fertilize the ovules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one outbreeding device developed by flowering plants to prevent self-pollination.

    <p>Stigma and pollen release not synchronized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their definitions:

    <p>Apomixis = Seed production without fertilization Polyembryony = Multiple embryos in a single seed Fertilization = Fusion of male gamete with egg cell Clones = Genetically identical offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flowering plants, male and female flowers that are present on different plants are referred to as _____.

    <p>dioecious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is known for having a very high seed count in its fruits?

    <p>Ficus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants typically have unisexual flowers?

    <p>Papaya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hybrid seeds must be produced every year to maintain hybrid character traits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a benefit of cultivating hybrid varieties in agriculture.

    <p>Increased productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal visitors with their potential role in pollination:

    <p>Butterflies = Pollinators Bees = Pollinators Hummingbirds = Pollinators Ants = Pollen robbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason flowering plants need to avoid self-pollination?

    <p>To prevent inbreeding depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Majority of flowering plants produce hermaphrodite flowers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovary is located at the top of the pistil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the ovule to the placenta called?

    <p>Funicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which megaspores are formed from the megaspore mother cell is called __________.

    <p>megasporogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is typically found enclosed within the integuments of an ovule?

    <p>Nucellus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ovule can contain more than one embryo sac.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the small opening at the tip of the ovule called?

    <p>Micropyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coleorrhiza in seed structure?

    <p>Protects the radical and root cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albuminous seeds completely consume the endosperm during embryo development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state called when the embryo may enter inactivity due to unfavorable conditions?

    <p>dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wall of the ovary develops into the _____ of a fruit.

    <p>pericarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a characteristic of non-albuminous seeds?

    <p>They have no residual endosperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of seeds with their characteristics:

    <p>Albuminous seeds = Retain part of endosperm Non-albuminous seeds = No residual endosperm Perisperm = Persistent remnants of nucellus Cotyledons = Store food reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of a seed?

    <p>Seed coat, cotyledon, embryo axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fleshy fruits do not evolve mechanisms for the dispersal of seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first structure to develop from a fertilized ovule?

    <p>Embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apomixis results in seed formation with fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two products formed as a result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

    <p>Diploid zygote and triploid endosperm nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where some angiosperms produce more than one embryo in their seed is called __________.

    <p>polyembryony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of embryo development with their forms:

    <p>Proembryo = Initial stage post-fertilization Globular = Stage of spherical embryo formation Heart-shaped = Differentiation of cotyledons and embryo axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the moment when pollen grain germination occurs?

    <p>When the pollen lands on the stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen tubes grow through the style to reach the ovule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division occurs during microsporogenesis?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Panchanan Maheshwari

    • Born in 1904 in Jaipur, Rajasthan
    • Became a prominent botanist, internationally recognized
    • Studied in Allahabad, obtaining a D.Sc.
    • Inspired by Dr. W. Dudgeon, an American missionary, to pursue botany, particularly morphology.
    • His work on embryological aspects and its application in taxonomy was groundbreaking.
    • Established the Department of Botany at Delhi University, fostering research in embryology and tissue culture.
    • His research on test-tube fertilization and intra-ovarian pollination was groundbreaking, gaining worldwide recognition.
    • Received numerous awards, including fellowship of the Royal Society of London (FRS).
    • Contributed significantly to school education by authoring pioneering biology textbooks, published by NCERT in 1964, for higher secondary schools.
    • His teachings and work helped to bring about advancements in the field of embryological aspects.
    • His work helped popularize the use of embryological characters in taxonomy.
    • Developed a deep interest in botany and morphology.
    • His work significantly influenced the use of embryological features in classifying plant species.

    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    • Plants reproduce sexually, and flowers are crucial for this process.
    • Flowers exhibit diverse structures, reflecting adaptation for sexual reproduction.
    • Morphology of flowers, inflorescences, and floral parts shows amazing adaptations for sexual reproduction.
    • Understanding the structure and processes of sexual reproduction is important.
    • Flowers play a crucial role in attracting pollinators, crucial for sexual reproduction.
    • Flowers have aesthetic, social, religious, and cultural value.
    • Different types of flowers, such as chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, exist, each with different methods and significance related to pollination.
    • Self-pollination can occur (autogamy) within the same flower, but is less common in flowers which are open and exposed (chasmogamous) and often a pollinator is required.
    • Cross-pollination which results in different genetic types can also occur (xenogamy).
    • Flowers use biotic and abiotic agents for pollination. Agents such as wind and water or animals (e.g., insects) are vital in the process.
    • Pollen grains and pollen tubes are important in the process.
    • Pollen grains show a wide range of shapes, sizes, colours, and features.
    • Sporopollenin, a resistant organic compound, contributes to pollen preservation as fossils.
    • Pollen grains have specific apertures (germ pores) vital for germination.
    • The pistil (gynoecium) is a crucial female structure with stigma, style, and ovary.
    • Ovules contain the embryo sac (female gametophyte), which undergoes double fertilization.
    • Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants, producing both the zygote (embryo) and endosperm.
    • The endosperm nourishes the developing embryo within the seed.
    • Seeds are the result of fertilization and contain the embryo and often endosperm tissues.
    • Seeds are important for dispersal and survival of flowering plants.
    • Seeds develop into the embryo and endosperm, a process vital for plant reproduction.

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    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on plant pollination processes! This quiz covers various types of pollination, the agents involved, and characteristics of different pollinating flowers. Ideal for students studying botany or ecology.

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