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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the splitting of water in photosynthesis?
During which type of photo-phosphorylation do both photosystems operate in a sequence?
What are the products formed from the splitting of water during photosynthesis?
Where are protons and O2 likely released after water is split during photosynthesis?
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What molecule carries energy in its chemical bonds, synthesized through photo-phosphorylation?
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What is the role of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
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Which structure of ATP synthase is responsible for the transmembrane channel facilitating the movement of protons?
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How does the breakdown of the proton gradient contribute to ATP synthesis?
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What is necessary for the process of chemiosmosis in the chloroplasts?
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What happens to protons in the stroma during the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH?
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What is the primary consequence of water stress on a plant's leaves?
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Which is NOT a stage of photosynthesis?
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Which component of the chloroplast absorbs light during the light reaction?
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How does stomatal closure due to water stress affect photosynthesis?
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What is the role of the proton gradient in photosynthesis?
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What anatomical feature is characteristic of C4 plants?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
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C4 plants are known to have higher productivity due to their ability to:
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What is the primary CO2 acceptor in the Hatch and Slack pathway?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes bundle sheath cells in C4 plants?
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What does the term 'Kranz' mean in relation to C4 plant anatomy?
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Which type of plant is more likely to show a response to high light intensities?
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What is one key difference between mesophyll cells of C3 and C4 plants?
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Study Notes
Overview of Plant Physiology
- The study of plant physiology includes processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and plant growth and development.
- Perspectives on biology encompass organismic-level and molecular-level organizations, leading to fields like ecology, physiology, and biochemistry.
Melvin Calvin and Photosynthesis
- Melvin Calvin, born in April 1911 in Minnesota, earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry and became a professor at UC Berkeley.
- He utilized radioactivity beneficially post-World War II, contributing to the field of photosynthesis research.
Water Splitting in Photosynthesis
- Water is split in photosystem II (PS II) generating protons (H+), oxygen (O2), and electrons (e-).
- Reaction equation: 2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4e−.
- Electrons from PS II replace those lost from photosystem I (PS I).
Photo-phosphorylation Types
- Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation: Involves both PS II and PS I, where ATP and NADPH are synthesized using light energy.
- Protons are reduced from the stroma, while a proton gradient forms across the thylakoid membrane.
Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase
- Chemiosmosis occurs in thylakoids, involving ATP synthesis via a proton gradient.
- ATP synthase has two parts: CF0 embedded in the thylakoid membrane and CF1 located in the stroma, which catalyzes ATP formation as protons diffuse back through.
C4 Plant Anatomy and Adaptations
- C4 plants display unique leaf anatomy known as Kranz anatomy, consisting of bundle sheath cells with abundant chloroplasts.
- Adapted to higher temperatures and intense light, they avoid photorespiration, resulting in increased biomass production.
Hatch and Slack Pathway
- The primary CO2 acceptor in the Hatch and Slack pathway is phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), without RuBisCO enzyme in mesophyll cells.
- This cyclic process is essential for C4 photosynthesis, enhancing efficiency in tropical climates.
Influence of Water on Photosynthesis
- Water stress can close stomata, reducing CO2 availability and causing leaf wilting, thus impacting metabolic activity and photosynthesis efficiency.
Summary of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis in green plants converts CO2 into carbohydrates like glucose and starch, primarily occurring in mesophyll cells of leaves.
- The process consists of two main stages: light reactions and carbon-fixing reactions, where chlorophylls capture light energy to produce NADH and create a proton gradient.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 of Plant Physiology, focusing on photosynthesis in higher plants. This quiz explores the structure and variation of living organisms, delving into the two perspectives on biology. Challenge yourself with questions that assess your understanding of these key concepts.
