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Questions and Answers
What is the term used for the areas in a plant where sugars are produced or stored?
What is the term used for the areas in a plant where sugars are produced or stored?
Which tissue is primarily responsible for the transport of assimilates in plants?
Which tissue is primarily responsible for the transport of assimilates in plants?
What type of plant movement is determined by the direction of the environmental stimulus?
What type of plant movement is determined by the direction of the environmental stimulus?
During translocation, what is the primary function of the sink locations in a plant?
During translocation, what is the primary function of the sink locations in a plant?
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Which of the following is an example of nastic movement?
Which of the following is an example of nastic movement?
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Which of the following statements correctly defines essential nutrients for plants?
Which of the following statements correctly defines essential nutrients for plants?
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What is the main process by which fluids move upwards from the roots to the leaves in a plant?
What is the main process by which fluids move upwards from the roots to the leaves in a plant?
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What mechanism allows plants like cacti to preserve water?
What mechanism allows plants like cacti to preserve water?
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Which adaptation helps plants survive in environments with limited light penetration?
Which adaptation helps plants survive in environments with limited light penetration?
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What term describes the condition of deterioration with age in plants?
What term describes the condition of deterioration with age in plants?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological adaptation in plants?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological adaptation in plants?
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What particular adaptation helps some plants respond to sudden temperature changes?
What particular adaptation helps some plants respond to sudden temperature changes?
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Which term refers to the upward bending of plant parts in response to stimuli?
Which term refers to the upward bending of plant parts in response to stimuli?
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What characterizes plant growth?
What characterizes plant growth?
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Which type of growth is termed 'determinate'?
Which type of growth is termed 'determinate'?
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How do plants differ from animals in terms of growth?
How do plants differ from animals in terms of growth?
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What is differentiation in plants?
What is differentiation in plants?
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What is dedifferentiation?
What is dedifferentiation?
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What is a key characteristic of the growth curve of plants?
What is a key characteristic of the growth curve of plants?
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What defines the indeterminate growth of plants?
What defines the indeterminate growth of plants?
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Which statement is true regarding cell differentiation?
Which statement is true regarding cell differentiation?
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What adaptation allows the Azolla plant to flow easily in water?
What adaptation allows the Azolla plant to flow easily in water?
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What does the Law of Limiting Factors state?
What does the Law of Limiting Factors state?
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What happens according to the Law of Diminishing Returns?
What happens according to the Law of Diminishing Returns?
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What is photosynthesis primarily responsible for in plants?
What is photosynthesis primarily responsible for in plants?
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What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
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What characterizes the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
What characterizes the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
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Which of the following forms of energy is considered light?
Which of the following forms of energy is considered light?
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What is primarily produced by cellular respiration in plants?
What is primarily produced by cellular respiration in plants?
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How does turgor pressure influence guard cells?
How does turgor pressure influence guard cells?
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What primarily controls turgor pressure in plants?
What primarily controls turgor pressure in plants?
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Which environmental factor increases the rate of transpiration by warming the leaf?
Which environmental factor increases the rate of transpiration by warming the leaf?
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How does high humidity affect transpiration rates?
How does high humidity affect transpiration rates?
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What happens when a plant's water loss is not compensated by soil water absorption?
What happens when a plant's water loss is not compensated by soil water absorption?
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What is translocation in plants?
What is translocation in plants?
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Which factor contributes to a higher transpiration rate?
Which factor contributes to a higher transpiration rate?
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What effect does wind have on the rate of transpiration?
What effect does wind have on the rate of transpiration?
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What percentage of water loss is attributed to stomatal transpiration?
What percentage of water loss is attributed to stomatal transpiration?
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Which type of transpiration accounts for the least percentage of water loss?
Which type of transpiration accounts for the least percentage of water loss?
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What is a significant impact of transpiration on plant temperature?
What is a significant impact of transpiration on plant temperature?
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Which phenomenon primarily drives transpiration in plants?
Which phenomenon primarily drives transpiration in plants?
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What element primarily enables the adherence of water molecules to the xylem?
What element primarily enables the adherence of water molecules to the xylem?
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How does transpiration contribute to nutrient uptake in plants?
How does transpiration contribute to nutrient uptake in plants?
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What role do guard cells play in transpiration?
What role do guard cells play in transpiration?
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What is the daily water loss for a tropical palm?
What is the daily water loss for a tropical palm?
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Study Notes
Crop Science Module 4: Physiological Processes Affecting Crop Production
- This module covers physiological processes affecting crop production, specifically focusing on concepts of growth and development, plant movements/crop adaptation, and plant life processes (photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation)
Concepts of Growth and Development
- Plant growth is an irreversible change in cell and organ size, resulting from cell division and enlargement.
- Plant development involves progression from seed germination to maturation.
- Determinate growth occurs when an organ or part stops growing after reaching a specific size (e.g., leaves, flowers).
- Indeterminate growth means cells of an organ, part, or organism continue dividing indefinitely (e.g., plants as a whole).
- Plant growth follows a sigmoid curve: lag phase, exponential phase, and stationary phase.
Concepts of Growth and Development (cont.)
- Differentiation is the process where undifferentiated cells transform into specialized cells with distinct morphological and physiological characteristics.
- All plant cells have the same genetic makeup, but differentiation causes differences in morphology and physiology.
- Dedifferentiation is the opposite of differentiation; mature cells revert to undifferentiated states, often in response to damage, and can then re-differentiate.
- Unlike animals, plants exhibit indeterminate growth, meaning plants continue growing throughout their lifespan.
Plant Movements/Crop Adaptation
- Tropisms are plant movements where the environmental stimulus determines the direction of the movement.
Tropisms (Examples)
- Phototropism is movement in response to light.
- Geotropism (or Gravitropism) is movement in response to gravity and, for example, root growth down.
- Heliotropism (Solar tracking) refers to the flat blade of a leaf always being nearly at a right angle to the sun throughout the day.
Crop Adaptation
- Adaptations in morphology include pneumatophores (breathing organs) or modified roots—for example, in trees growing in marshes and modified petioles to float, in water hyacinth
- Adaptations in physiology include closing stomates (pores) to reduce water loss, abscised leaves to reduce loss, and abscission of branches to reduce competition in forested areas where light penetration is limited
Biochemical adaptations
- Mutations in target genes can lead to glyphosate resistance in weeds.
- Plants can increase heat-shock proteins in response to sudden suboptimal or supraoptimal temperatures.
The Law of Minimum
- Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that if one growth factor (nutrient) is deficient, plant growth is restricted even if other factors are adequate.
- Growth is improved by increasing the level of the deficient factor.
The Law of Optima and Limiting Factors (Blackman)
- This is a modification of the Law of Minimum.
- A process's rate is limited by the slowest factor, often involving various factors such as CO2, light, chlorophyll, water, and temperature (optimal ranges exist).
The Law of Diminishing Returns
- This economic concept predicts that adding an additional production factor (like fertilizer or water) after reaching optimal capacity will produce smaller increases in output.
Plant Life Processes (Photosynthesis)
- Photosynthesis (PS) is the process in which plants use sunlight to produce sugar; cellular respiration converts this sugar into ATP (energy).
- This process uses chlorophyll to convert unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy.
- The overall reaction of PS is: 6CO2 + 12H2O + light --> C6H12O6+ 6O2 + 6H2O
- raw materials = CO2 and water with light's energy
- products = glucose and oxygen
Plant Life Processes (Photosynthesis) (Cont.)
- Leaves' anatomical structures are designed for efficient PS (e.g., large surface area, vascular system, pigments for light absorption).
Plant Life Processes (Respiration)
- Respiration is an enzyme-assisted process to break down food into CO2 and H2O releasing energy.
- It's critical for the metabolic reactions, like photosynthesis. Glucose entirely converted into CO2. Total yield of ATP = 38 ATPs
- The first process , glycolysis, is an anaerobic process that takes place in the cytoplasm. A six carbon sugar (glucose) is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid and a small amount of ATP energy.
- Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are involved creating more ATP energy.
Plant Life Processes (Transpiration)
- Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plant parts (e.g., leaves) through stomata (pores).
- Different types of transpiration—lenticular, cuticular and stomatal— exist.
- Factors affecting transpiration include environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and wind, and internal physiological factors such as the size of stomata, the size and surface area of the leaf, and the construction of the xylem vessels.
- importance: Plants lose a substantial amount of water throughout their lives via transpiration. Its importance includes cooling the plant, drawing nutrients upwards in xylem and creating pressure to move water,
Plant Life Processes (Translocation)
- Translocation is the transport of assimilates (photosynthesis's products) from the source to the sink (storage or growth areas). Assimilates travels through the phloem vessels.
- Transpirational stream is the process of moving nutrients upwards in xylem of plants, from roots to shoots.
Nutrient Requirements
- Essential nutrients are needed for completion of vegetative and reproductive stages, and their deficiency is correctable only by the specific essential nutrient; there are no substitutes.
Nutrient Deficiencies (Specific Examples)
- Deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, and iron can cause specific visual symptoms in plants.
Soil Fertility Decline
- Reasons for soil fertility decline include crop removal, soil erosion, and the conversion of nutrients into unavailable forms (e.g., insolubility formed from combinations with other elements, transformation by microbes, volatilization, and leaching).
Plant Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction uses seeds, while asexual reproduction uses other parts of the crop (excluding seeds).
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Test your knowledge on plant physiology with this quiz. Explore important concepts such as sugar production, nutrient transport, and plant adaptations. Each question challenges your understanding of how plants interact with their environment.