Plant Pathogen Resistance Overview
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Questions and Answers

What role does Pto play in relation to the effector AvrPto?

  • It competes with FLS2 for AvrPto binding. (correct)
  • It blocks the immune response of the plant.
  • It triggers disease symptoms in the plant.
  • It enhances FLS2's binding affinity.
  • Which model highlights the interaction involving guarded effector targets?

  • Guard model (correct)
  • Decoy model
  • Quantitative model
  • Resistance model
  • What is considered a promising area in plant disease resistance breeding?

  • Helical resistance genes.
  • Qualitative resistance genes.
  • Transformational gene editing.
  • Quantitative disease resistance mechanisms. (correct)
  • Which effector is known to bind FLS2 and block plant immune responses?

    <p>AvrPto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be necessary for long-lasting effectiveness in plant resistance breeding?

    <p>Deployment of multiple R genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative resistance?

    <p>Immediate and complete immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for advancing the understanding of plant-microbe interactions?

    <p>Isolation of resistance genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the utilization of quantitative resistance genes (QRLs) imply for crop improvement?

    <p>They offer potential for valuable applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of NBS-LRR genes in plants?

    <p>They contain a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the recessive resistance gene xa13 in rice?

    <p>It acts as a susceptibility allele rather than a traditional resistance gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about recessive resistance is true?

    <p>It is considered a passive process due to a lack of susceptibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pvr2 locus play in pepper plants?

    <p>It encodes an initiation factor that provides recessive resistance to PVY.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeding method can be used to develop disease-resistant plants?

    <p>Marker-aided selection and traditional breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of NBS-LRR genes is characterized by coiled-coil domains?

    <p>The CC group genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is susceptible resistance considered an important area of study?

    <p>It may indicate new pathways for employing disease resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypothesis regarding the functioning of recessive resistance genes?

    <p>They operate passively due to absent susceptibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the resistance of Arabidopsis to Phytophthora brassicae?

    <p>The sequential action of indole glucosinolates and camalexin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of innate immunity, what action does the bacterial virulence protein xa21 perform?

    <p>It suppresses host innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is known to block innate immunity in plants by targeting receptor kinases?

    <p>AvrPto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of quantitative resistance loci in plant breeding?

    <p>They enhance resistance through multiple genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do salicylic acid induction-deficient mutants in Arabidopsis respond after pathogen inoculation?

    <p>They express PR-2 and PR-5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a barrier that pathogens must overcome to successfully infect plants?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is employed by strains of Pseudomonas syringae to evade plant defenses?

    <p>Deploying effector proteins like AvrPto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant defense response is primarily associated with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

    <p>PAMP-triggered immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Resistance to Pathogens

    • Plants constantly battle against microbial and other pathogens.
    • Pathogens invade plants via leaf and root surfaces or natural openings like stomata.
    • Pathogens degrade cell walls, introduce effectors, and disrupt host activities
    • Plants have evolved physical and chemical barriers and a two-tiered immune system (PTI and ETI).

    Qualitative Disease Resistance

    • Qualitative resistance (controlled by a major gene) is effective against specific pathogens.
    • Primarily involved in defense against biotrophic pathogens.
    • R genes are typically NBS-LRR genes (Nucleotide-binding site and Leucine-rich repeat).
    • These genes encode proteins with various domains (TIR, CC, LRR, etc.).
    • Major genes can be overcome by new virulent pathogens
    • Quantitative disease resistance is more durable.

    Quantitative Disease Resistance

    • Quantitative resistance (controlled by multiple genes with minor effects) is more durable against a wide range of pathogens.
    • Involves multiple genes with minor effects.
    • Fewer selection pressures against pathogen variants.
    • Includes genes related to morphology, defense signaling, and secondary metabolites.
    • Some QRLs are related to flowering time and basal defense.

    Mechanisms Underlying Plant Resistance

    • Biotrophic Pathogens: Plant defenses are largely due to gene-to-gene resistance leading to hypersensitive response (HR).
    • Necrotrophic Pathogens: No clear gene-for-gene relationship, relying on basal defenses.
      • Include pathways like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene signaling.
      • Phytoalexins (e.g., camalexin) play vital roles.

    RNA Silencing in Plant Resistance

    • RNA silencing is a primary defense mechanism against viral pathogens.
    • Triggers are double-stranded RNA.
    • Process involves a Dicer/Dicer-like protein and RISC complex to degrade or silence homologous RNA and genes.
    • Viruses might produce proteins that suppress host RNA silencing to facilitate infection.

    Two-Tiered Innate Immune System in Plants

    • Plants lack mobile defenders and a somatic adaptive immune system.
    • Their immune system has two main tiers:
      • PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity): activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
      • ETI (Effector-triggered immunity): activated by recognizing pathogen effectors.

    Elicitor-Suppressor and Elicitor-Receptor Models

    • Elicitor-suppressor model: Pathogens use general elicitors that trigger defense responses countered by specific suppressors.
    • Elicitor-receptor model: Pathogens proteins or metabolites are recognized and trigger defense by resistance genes.

    Guard and Decoy Models

    • Guard model: R proteins guard specific host proteins targeted by effectors.
    • Decoy model: Host proteins act as decoys to distract effectors and thus help detect and defend against pathogens.

    Quantitative Resistance Loci (QRLs) and Major Genes

    • QRLs are useful for broad-spectrum resistance.
    • Major genes contribute to resistance, but their effectiveness is often short-term.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of plant resistance to pathogens through qualitative and quantitative approaches. Discover the mechanisms plants use to defend themselves, including their two-tiered immune system and the roles of various resistance genes. Understand how both major and minor genes contribute to plant defense and the implications for agricultural practices.

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