Plant Nutrition Essentials

Macronutrients such as nitrogen support growth, phosphorus aids in energy transfer, and potassium regulates various physiological functions.

Mycorrhizal fungi extend the surface area of roots, improving absorption of water and nutrients, especially phosphorus.

Transpiration creates a negative pressure that aids in pulling water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards through the xylem.

<p>Nitrogen deficiency can cause stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced yield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phloem's main purpose is to transport sugars and other organic compounds produced in photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals digest complex organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that can be absorbed and converted into energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include the surface area of the intestinal lining, the presence of digestive enzymes, and the efficiency of blood circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata, controlling gas exchange and transpiration rates in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural adaptations like root hairs increase surface area for absorption, while specialized vascular tissues enhance water and nutrient transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic processes convert absorbed nutrients into energy necessary for bodily functions, growth, and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential nutrients are compounds that animals cannot synthesize and must obtain from their diet, crucial for processes like growth and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed circulatory systems are more efficient, allowing for higher blood pressure and improved delivery of oxygen and nutrients compared to open systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and assist in bringing carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products, between blood and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport occurs without energy input, moving substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis is the process where cells engulf external substances, allowing them to intake large particles that cannot pass through the cell membrane directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel substances, often used for the secretion of hormones or neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein pumps facilitate the movement of ions or molecules against their concentration gradient, using energy from ATP to maintain cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries have thicker, muscular walls to withstand high pressure as they carry blood away from the heart, while veins have thinner walls and valves to ensure the return of blood to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective permeability allows the cell to maintain homeostasis by regulating what enters and exits, thus controlling ion balance and nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers