Plant Nutrients and Soil Fertility

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of plant nutrients?

  • Synthetic fertilizers
  • Inert polymers (correct)
  • Microbial inoculants
  • Recycled wastes

Organic nutrient sources always have a consistently high concentration of readily available nutrients.

False (B)

What is one way that plant nutrients improve soil quality?

Improves plant cell growth

A wide carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in organic material, such as cereal straw, causes nutrients to be released ______.

<p>slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential nutrient is a component of chlorophyll and promotes leafy growth?

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphorus aids in the transfer of energy from sunlight to plants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one role of nutrients in plants besides improving soil quality and crop yield.

<p>activate enzymes or support plant metabolism or support protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nutrient with its role in the plant:

<p>Carbon = Component of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Hydrogen = Provides energy for growth and development Nitrogen = Part of plant DNA and enzymes Phosphorus = Stimulates early root and plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which of the following nitrogen (N) concentrations in plants indicates a sufficient level?

<p>2.5-4.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Arnon and Stout's criteria, an element is considered essential even if its deficiency can be substituted by another element.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one nutrient classified as mobile in both soil and plants according to the provided information.

<p>N</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, a zinc concentration of 15 ppm in plants would be considered ______.

<p>deficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nutrient with its mobility in soil:

<p>Nitrogen (N) = Mobile Potassium (K) = Intermediate Phosphorus (P) = Immobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which of the following nutrients is considered immobile in plants?

<p>Calcium (Ca) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is considered highly mobile in the soil?

<p>NO3− (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plant can complete its life cycle even with a deficiency of an essential element, according to Arnon and Stout's criteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immobile nutrients in plants can be easily translocated from older to younger tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided table, which of the following elements has excessive/toxic values that start the lowest?

<p>Boron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three mechanisms by which plants transport nutrients from the soil.

<p>Mass flow, diffusion, and root interception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients in plants are typically observed on ______ leaves.

<p>older</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nutrients with their mobility in the soil:

<p>NO3− = Mobile K+ = Less mobile/Intermediate Zn2+ = Immobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these nutrients is considered mobile within plants?

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nutrients in the soil are always readily available to plants, regardless of their mobility.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two less mobile or intermediate nutrients.

<p>Ammonium, Potassium, Calcium, or Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors decreases the diffusion rate of nutrients in the soil?

<p>Adsorption of nutrients as they move through soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fertile soils are productive.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the energy-driven process where carriers and ion channels transport nutrients across the plasmalemma and tonoplast of root cells?

<p>Active uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pathways through soil are not direct, which increases the ______ of nutrient movement.

<p>tortuosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ion interaction with its effect:

<p>Promotive = Enhances ion uptake Antagonistic = Decreases ion uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Viets effect', which ion enhances the uptake of K, Rb, Br, Cl, sulphates and phosphates?

<p>Ca (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil fertility and soil productivity are the same thing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does soil reaction indicate?

<p>Soil pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range for most plant nutrients?

<p>6.5 to 7.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soils with low CEC can hold a larger amount of nutrients compared to soils with high CEC.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating pH?

<p>pH = - log [H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saline soils have a pH range between ___ and ___

<p>7, 8.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the availability of nitrates above pH 8?

<p>Decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>CEC = Cation exchange capacity AEC = Anion exchange capacity Acidic Soils = pH &lt; 7 Saline Soils = pH 7 - 8.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two important anions in soil.

<p>H2PO4–, NO3–</p> Signup and view all the answers

High CEC soils tend to be lower in fertility as they cannot hold cations effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of poor drainage in soils?

<p>Leaching of micronutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cool, wet soils can increase the rate of micronutrient uptake by crops.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agricultural practice is associated with the depletion of micronutrients due to increased cropping intensity?

<p>Heavy use of high analysis fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil texture affects how well nutrients and water are retained in the soil; _____ soils hold nutrients better than sandy soils.

<p>clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their impacts on micronutrient availability:

<p>Poor drainage = Leaching of nutrients High nitrogenous fertilizers = Micronutrient depletion Soil texture = Nutrient retention capacity Low organic matter = Lower micronutrient availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of large-scale deforestation on soil health?

<p>Decline in organic matter and micronutrient availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sandy soils are less likely to be low in micronutrients than clay soils.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disease that can occur due to zinc deficiency in rice?

<p>Khaira disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sources of plant nutrients

These can be natural, synthetic, recycled, or biological products.

Organic nutrient sources

Include plant debris, green manure, compost, waste, and manure.

Synthetic nutrient sources

Chemical fertilizers that are artificially made to provide nutrients.

Slow nutrient release

Nutrients from substances like cereal straw release slowly due to high C:N ratio.

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Rapid nutrient release

Nutrients from N-rich sources like leguminous green manures decompose quickly.

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Role of nitrogen in plants

Promotes green growth, essential for proteins, involved in photosynthesis.

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Role of phosphorus in plants

Helps in energy transfer, stimulates root growth, and promotes maturity.

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Essential nutrients functions

Contribute to plant growth, metabolism, enzyme activation, protein synthesis.

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Essential Elements

Nutrients necessary for plant growth, needed in specific amounts.

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Deficient Nutrient Levels

Below the necessary percentage for plant growth.

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Sufficient Nutrient Levels

The optimal percentage of nutrients for plant health.

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Excessive/Toxic Nutrients

Nutrient levels that can harm plant growth.

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Criteria of Essentiality

Standards determining if a nutrient is essential for plants.

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Mobility of Nutrients

The ability of nutrients to move in soil and plants.

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Mobile Nutrients in Soil

Nutrients that move easily through soil to plants.

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Immobile Nutrients

Nutrients that do not move easily in soil.

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Less Mobile Nutrients

Nutrients that are moderately available, adsorbed on clay complexes, like NH4+ and K+.

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Nutrient Mobility in Plants

The capability of nutrients to move from older leaves to younger tissues; varies by nutrient type.

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Deficiency Symptoms

Visible signs in plants indicating a lack of nutrients, based on nutrient mobility.

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Mechanisms of Nutrient Transport

Methods by which plants move nutrients from soil to roots, including mass flow, diffusion, and root interception.

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Mass Flow

Movement of nutrients along with water in the soil to plant roots.

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Diffusion

The process of nutrient movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration in water.

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Diffusion Coefficient (Dw)

The rate at which substances move through water in soil.

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Soil Water Content

The amount of water present in the soil, affecting nutrient diffusion.

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Tortuosity

The complexity of pathways nutrients travel through soil, influenced by texture.

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Buffering Capacity

Soil's ability to maintain stable pH and nutrient availability despite changes.

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Active Uptake

Energy-driven process where nutrients are transported across plant cell membranes.

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Promotive Interaction of Ions

When some ions enhance the uptake of others, like calcium helping potassium uptake.

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Antagonistic Interaction of Ions

When the presence of certain ions limits the uptake of others, like sodium reducing potassium absorption.

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Soil Reaction (pH)

The measure of acidity or basicity in soil, affecting nutrient availability.

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Factors affecting nutrient availability

The rate, placement, and timing of manures and fertilizers influence nutrient access.

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Split application

Dividing fertilizer application into smaller increments for enhanced nutrient uptake.

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Poor drainage impact

Acidic sandy soils leach micronutrients, causing deficiencies.

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Soil texture influence

Clay soils retain nutrients better than sandy soils, reducing leaching.

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Cropping intensity

High cropping rates and heavy fertilization deplete soil micronutrients.

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Organic matter's role

Soils with less than 2.0% organic matter may show lower micronutrient availability.

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Emergence of Khaira disease

Zinc deficiency in rice, linked to deforestation and nutrient depletion.

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Parent material effects

Soil origin affects micronutrient levels; alluvium type matters.

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Soil pH

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in soil solution.

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Optimal pH range for plants

pH levels between 6.5 and 7.5 where most nutrients are available.

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Acidic soils

Soils with pH < 7, harmful to plants due to nutrient toxicity.

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Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

Measure of the amount of cations soil can retain for plant use.

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Low CEC soils

Soils that cannot hold many nutrients, replenishing them frequently.

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Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC)

The ability of soil to adsorb anions to positive charges in soil components.

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High AEC soils

Soils rich in 1:1 clay minerals and able to absorb many anions.

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Saline soils

Soils with pH between 7 to 8.5 containing soluble salts.

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Study Notes

Plant Nutrients

  • Nutrients are chemical elements essential for plant growth, development, and reproduction.
  • Soil is a major source of nutrients for plant growth.
  • Nutrients are required in various quantities (larger, smaller, or trace amounts) for plant health.
  • Essential elements are necessary for completion of a plant's life cycle and cannot be substituted by other elements.
  • Beneficial elements stimulate plant growth but are not essential.
  • Trace elements exist in low concentrations (<1 ppm) and are important in plant metabolism.
  • Macronutrients (C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and Micronutrients (Fe, B, Cu, Cl, Mn, Mo, Zn, Co, Ni) are essential.

Measures to Overcome Deficiency and Toxicity

  • Methods to address nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in plants are included (details not provided).

Soil Fertility

  • Soil fertility evaluation methods are included (details not provided).
  • Soil testing for available nutrients is relevant.
  • Critical levels of different nutrients within soil is relevant.

Plant Analysis

  • Methods for plant analysis are included (details not provided).
  • Critical levels of nutrients in plants are considered.
  • Deficiency symptoms (identified via indicator plants) are included.
  • A method known as DRIS is also relevant.

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