Podcast
Questions and Answers
The endosperm is the primary food storage tissue in dicot seeds.
The endosperm is the primary food storage tissue in dicot seeds.
False (B)
A juvenile plant is capable of flowering.
A juvenile plant is capable of flowering.
False (B)
The senescence phase is a period of rapid growth and development.
The senescence phase is a period of rapid growth and development.
False (B)
Leaf abscission is the process of leaves taking in carbon dioxide.
Leaf abscission is the process of leaves taking in carbon dioxide.
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Monocots have a taproot system.
Monocots have a taproot system.
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A rhizome is an example of a modified leaf.
A rhizome is an example of a modified leaf.
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Sweet potatoes are modified roots.
Sweet potatoes are modified roots.
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The epidermis is the innermost layer of a plant stem.
The epidermis is the innermost layer of a plant stem.
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The cambium is responsible for producing new cells in woody plants.
The cambium is responsible for producing new cells in woody plants.
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Xylem transports manufactured food throughout the plant.
Xylem transports manufactured food throughout the plant.
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The taproot system is characteristic of monocots.
The taproot system is characteristic of monocots.
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Lenticels are tiny pores on the stem that allow for gas exchange.
Lenticels are tiny pores on the stem that allow for gas exchange.
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The petiole is the flat, thin part of the leaf.
The petiole is the flat, thin part of the leaf.
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Parallel venation is a characteristic of dicots.
Parallel venation is a characteristic of dicots.
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Stipules are small, leaf-like structures at the base of the petiole.
Stipules are small, leaf-like structures at the base of the petiole.
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A compound leaf has multiple blades per petiole.
A compound leaf has multiple blades per petiole.
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The stigma is the part of the stamen that produces pollen.
The stigma is the part of the stamen that produces pollen.
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A complete flower lacks one or more flower parts.
A complete flower lacks one or more flower parts.
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A perfect flower contains both stamens and pistils.
A perfect flower contains both stamens and pistils.
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Dry fruits have a hard fruit wall and seeds.
Dry fruits have a hard fruit wall and seeds.
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Flashcards
Plant Morphology
Plant Morphology
Describes the physical form and external structure of plants.
Plant Anatomy
Plant Anatomy
Studies the internal structure of plants.
Roots
Roots
Absorb water and nutrients, provide support, and store carbohydrates.
Taproot System
Taproot System
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Fibrous Root System
Fibrous Root System
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Stem
Stem
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Complete Flower
Complete Flower
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Imperfect Flower
Imperfect Flower
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Fleshy Fruit
Fleshy Fruit
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Seeds
Seeds
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Cotyledons
Cotyledons
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Endosperm
Endosperm
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Germination
Germination
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Juvenile Phase
Juvenile Phase
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Reproductive Phase
Reproductive Phase
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Senescence Phase
Senescence Phase
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Monocots
Monocots
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Dicots
Dicots
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Xylem
Xylem
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Phloem
Phloem
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Study Notes
Plant Morphology and Anatomy
- Plant morphology describes the physical form and external structure of plants.
- Plant anatomy studies the internal structure of plants.
Plant Parts
- Roots: Absorb water and nutrients, provide support, store carbohydrates.
- Taproot system: Primary root grows down with few secondary roots (dicots).
- Fibrous root system: Many small primary and secondary roots (monocots).
- Root cap: Protects the root tip as it grows through soil.
- Root hairs: Single cells that absorb most water and minerals.
- Stems: Support leaves, flowers, and fruits; transport water, nutrients, and food.
- Terminal bud: Contains undeveloped leaf, stem, flower, or combination.
- Axillary bud: Located on the side of stem below terminal bud.
- Node: Point where leaves or stems are attached.
- Internode: Region between nodes.
- Lenticels: Tiny pores for gas exchange.
- Leaves: Manufacture food through photosynthesis.
- Petiole: Leaf stem connecting the leaf to the stem.
- Blade: Flat, thin part of the leaf.
- Midrib: Largest vein in the center of the leaf.
- Veins: Transport water and nutrients.
- Parallel venation: In monocots.
- Pinnate venation: Veins branch from a central midrib.
- Palmate venation: Veins radiate from the leaf base.
- Leaf margin: Edge of the leaf blade.
- Leaf apex: Tip of the leaf blade.
- Leaf base: Bottom of the leaf blade.
- Stipule: Small leaf-like appendage at the base of the petiole.
- Simple leaf: One blade per petiole.
- Compound leaf: Two or more leaflets per petiole.
- Flowers: Attract pollinators, produce fruits and seeds.
- Sepals: Green, leaf-like structures beneath petals, collectively called calyx.
- Petals: Brightly colored parts attracting pollinators.
- Stamens: Male reproductive part; filament supports anther, which produces pollen.
- Pistil: Female reproductive part; stigma collects pollen, style connects stigma to ovary, ovary contains ovules.
- Complete flower: Contains all four flower parts.
- Incomplete flower: Lacks one or more flower parts.
- Perfect flower: Contains both stamens and pistils.
- Imperfect flower: Lacks either stamens or pistils.
- Fruits: Mature ovary of a flowering plant.
- Fleshy fruit: Soft, fleshy material with or without seeds.
- Dry fruit: Seeds enclosed in a hard fruit wall.
- Seeds: Mature fertilized egg contained in the fruit.
- Cotyledons: Store food reserves in dicots.
- Endosperm: Stores food reserves in monocots.
- Germination: Process of seed embryo transitioning from dormant to active growth.
Plant Life Cycle
- Juvenile phase: Exponential growth, inability to produce flowers.
- Morphological traits: Hedera helix (ivy) has five lobes in the juvenile stage, none in the mature stage.
- Physiological traits: Vigorous growth, disease resistance, root and shoot regeneration.
- Reproductive phase: Qualitative changes allowing for full reproductive potential.
- Senescence phase: Deteriorative changes leading to death.
- Changes: Decrease in chlorophyll, protein, DNA, RNA, and photosynthesis; changes in plant hormones.
- Leaf abscission: Leaves fall off.
Monocots vs. Dicots
- Monocots:
- One cotyledon.
- Parallel leaf venation.
- Scattered vascular bundles in stem.
- Fibrous root system.
- Flower parts in multiples of three.
- Dicots:
- Two cotyledons.
- Netlike (reticulate) leaf venation.
- Vascular bundles arranged in a ring in stem.
- Taproot system.
- Flower parts in multiples of four or five.
Modified Structures
- Modified Stems:
- Stolon: Aboveground horizontal stem (strawberry runners).
- Rhizome: Belowground horizontal stem (ginger, turmeric).
- Tuber: Underground rounded swelling of stem (Irish potato).
- Corm: Vertical, thick stem with thin, papery leaves (gladiolus).
- Bulb: Short shoot with thick, fleshy leaves (onion, tulip).
- Modified Roots:
- Sweet potato: Food storage root.
Key Features in Stem Anatomy
- Epidermis: Outer layer of plant parts.
- Cortex: Primary tissue between epidermis and vascular region.
- Cambium: Area of new cell formation (xylem or phloem) in woody plants.
- Xylem: Transports water and nutrients upwards.
- Phloem: Transports manufactured food downwards.
- Pith: Central portion of stem for food and moisture storage.
Plant Classification
- Knowledge of plant morphology, anatomy, and life cycle is crucial for plant classification and understanding their potential uses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential aspects of plant morphology and anatomy. This quiz covers various plant parts, including roots, stems, and leaves, along with their functions and structures. Perfect for students studying botany or plant sciences.
