Plant Growth and Temperature Effects

Questions and Answers

What primarily limits achievable crop production?

Abundant water and nutrients

Availability of technological advancements

Genetic traits of the cultivar

Weeds, diseases, pests, and pollutants (correct)

Which of the following statements describes potential crop production?

It is the maximum yield based on limitations of inputs.

It occurs under conditions of severe environmental stress.

It includes the effects of pests and diseases on crop yield.

It is the yield achieved without any environmental constraints. (correct)

What has primarily contributed to increased yield potential in small grain cereals?

Reduced plant growth rates

Dwarfing and higher harvest index (correct)

Increased genetic variation among cultivars

Enhanced photosynthetic capacity

How do simulation models determine potential crop yield?

With plausible physiological and agronomic assumptions Signup and view all the answers

How does air temperature influence crop plants?

It chiefly influences growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal soil temperature range for microbial activities?

18-30°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of models predicting crop output in future climates?

They ignore future agricultural adjustments to climate changes. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does atmospheric pressure have on plant growth at higher altitudes?

Stunted growth due to reduced oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

What has been a key factor in the rise of genetic yield potential in wheat and maize?

Widening of the genetic background Signup and view all the answers

What is achievable yield primarily limited by?

Water and plant nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What role does wind play in relation to crop plants?

Transport moisture necessary for precipitation. Signup and view all the answers

How does water contribute to temperature regulation in crop plants?

It has high thermal stability. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence do climate changes imply for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, according to predictions?

There will be a predominance of negative output changes. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an elementary crop growth model?

A simplified schematic representation of a system or set of equations. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does rainfall have on crop plants?

It plays a vital role in gas exchange and life processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the influence of wind on plant growth?

Wind can disrupt temperature inversions, preventing frost. Signup and view all the answers

Which growth stage of a cereal crop is most sensitive to drought after the initial days of growth?

Anthesis and fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of soil moisture stress during the inflorescence development stage?

Reduced rate of floral primordia appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the impact of drought on grain yield in cereals?

Stress during anthesis can significantly lower yield. Signup and view all the answers

How does drought affect young seedlings of cereal crops?

They can withstand drought in the initial days. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to corn yield when wilting occurs during the anthesis stage?

Yield reduction can reach 50%. Signup and view all the answers

In which crop growth stage does moisture stress most directly interfere with pollen germination?

Anthesis stage Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason developers might choose to skip modeling in system design?

Modeling is seen as overly complicated and time consuming. Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding what is being abstracted in modeling important for an analyst?

To argue why certain details may be irrelevant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the upper portion of the crop weather calendar?

To analyze climatic normals for crop growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which climatic factors are NOT included in the climatic normals of the crop weather calendar?

Pest incidence rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Part-II in the crop weather calendar?

Showing phenological observations for high crop yield. Signup and view all the answers

How are high productivity years selected for climate normal calculations in the crop weather calendar?

By selecting the best 3 years from a minimum of 10 years of data. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of including the climatic normals for pests in the crop weather calendar?

To predict favorable climatic conditions for pest incidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT belong to the upper portion of the crop weather calendar?

Stage-wise climatic normals Signup and view all the answers

The structure of the crop weather calendar facilitates understanding of which critical aspect?

Meteorological factors influencing crop yield. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these parameters is NOT part of the climatic normals presented in the crop weather calendar?

Soil pH levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the altitude range of polar orbiting satellites?

550 to 1,600 km Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of geostationary satellites?

Remote sensing of crops Signup and view all the answers

Why is remote sensing important for agriculture?

To enable judicious management of land and water Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is essential for meeting agricultural shortages?

Season-wise information on crops and production Signup and view all the answers

Which satellites are primarily used for remote sensing purposes?

LANDSAT, SPOT, and IRS Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge for increasing agricultural productivity in India?

Judicious management of resources Signup and view all the answers

What type of data do remote sensing systems provide regarding agricultural resources?

Multi-temporal and multispectral coverage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary altitude of geostationary satellites?

36,000 km Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Effects of Air Temperature on Crop Growth

Air temperature significantly influences leaf production, expansion, and flowering.
Growth and development of crops are primarily affected by air temperature.
High temperatures can enhance gas and liquid diffusion rates, while solubility of substances varies with temperature.

Soil Temperature and Crop Health

Governs absorption of water and nutrients essential for photosynthesis.
Optimal soil microbial activity occurs between 18-30°C.
Soil temperature impacts seed germination and root development.
Affects biochemical reactions and the weathering of minerals.

Atmospheric Pressure and Plant Growth

Atmospheric pressure influences respiration and gas transport in plants.
At higher altitudes, low concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide lead to stunted growth.
Increased UV radiation at high altitudes negatively affects plant health.
Plants with robust roots and stems can withstand high winds and low pressure.

Role of Wind in Agriculture

Wind aids in heat transport between latitudes and provides moisture critical for precipitation.
Moderate turbulence enhances carbon dioxide consumption during photosynthesis.
Wind activity can prevent frost formation by disrupting temperature inversions.

Importance of Rainfall

Water is vital for crop life processes including gas exchange.
High heat capacity and thermal stability of water help regulate crop temperature.
Water's superior heat conduction allows efficient distribution of heat throughout plant tissues.
Higher viscosity of water protects crops against mechanical disturbances.

Elementary Crop Growth Models

Defined as schematic representations to mimic and understand crop systems.
Serve as primary representations of agricultural concepts.

Potential Crop Production

Defined as the maximum yield of a cultivar in optimal environments, free of limiting factors.
Distinction between potential crop production (under ideal conditions) and potential yield (theoretical maximum).
Yield potential improvements observed through conventional breeding, particularly in small grain cereals and maize.
Genetic diversity in cultivars aids in yield potential improvements.

Achievable Crop Production

Defined as yields constrained by water, nutrients, pests, diseases, and pollutants.
Predictions about crop yields consider historical climate relationships.
Unfavorable future climates may decrease crops' achievable yields.

Crop Production and Soil Water Balance

Plant sensitivity to moisture stress varies by growth stage; young seedlings can tolerate drought, while mature crops become sensitive.
Key stages of water stress impact cereal grain yield include floral initiation, anthesis, and grain-filling stages.
Inflorescence development can be severely hampered by even slight water stress.

Structure of Crop Weather Calendars

Includes climatic normals for rainfall, temperatures, humidity, and wind for optimal crop growth.
Phenological observations are linked to climatic normals to predict high yield potential.

Remote Sensing in Agriculture

Space-based remote sensing enhances coverage of inaccessible areas, providing essential agricultural data for management.
Polar orbiting satellites are crucial for remote sensing applications; examples include LANDSAT and IRS.
Geostationary satellites support telecommunication and weather forecasting.
Remote sensing facilitates efficient resource management and timely responses to agricultural challenges.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical impact of air and soil temperatures on plant growth, development, and flowering. It covers topics such as the influence of temperature on leaf production, gas diffusion, solubility of substances, and essential soil temperature for nutrient uptake and seed germination.