Plant Form & Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What determines the arrangement of vascular tissues in plants?

  • Only the type of nutrients available
  • The location of the plant only
  • Plant classification and location (correct)
  • Plant classification and environmental conditions

Which of the following is NOT an essential element for plant growth?

  • Hydrogen
  • Fluorine (correct)
  • Oxygen
  • Calcium

How do plants adapt to nutrient acquisition based on stress conditions?

  • Increasing leaf surface area
  • Altering growth patterns (correct)
  • Changing photosynthesis patterns
  • Developing deeper roots

Which plant hormone is primarily involved in signaling under stress conditions?

<p>Abscisic Acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a method by which plants can protect themselves from pathogens?

<p>Utilizing physical barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of asexual reproduction in flowering plants?

<p>The new plant is genetically identical to the parent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do plants primarily obtain inorganic nutrients needed for growth?

<p>From soil, air, and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential element is primarily responsible for chlorophyll formation in plants?

<p>Nitrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

<p>Distributing water and minerals from the roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT directly involved in photosynthesis?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do root nodules play in plants?

<p>Convert nitrogen gas to ammonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the phloem conducts manufactured food from one cell to another?

<p>Sieve tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which plants transport manufactured food?

<p>Translocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vascular tissues is TRUE?

<p>Both xylem and phloem are essential for plant nutrient transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes parenchyma cells in the phloem?

<p>They are the only living cells in phloem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular tissue primarily facilitates the absorption of water from the soil?

<p>Xylem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between natural and artificial vegetative propagation?

<p>Natural propagation occurs without human assistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods involves planting cut parts of a plant to grow new individuals?

<p>Cutting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant structure does a runner represent?

<p>A horizontal stem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of artificial vegetative propagation?

<p>Sexual Reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which reproductive method do new bulbs arise from an auxiliary bud on very short stems?

<p>Bulb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a method that uses a piece of tissue placed on a sterile medium to grow new plants?

<p>Tissue Culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is defined by new plants arising from nodes of a horizontal rootlike underground stem?

<p>Rhizome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is commonly associated with grafting?

<p>Attaching small stems to larger ones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of flower has both male and female reproductive organs present in the same flower?

<p>Perfect flowers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?

<p>Anther (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-reproductive part of a flower?

<p>Ovary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma?

<p>Pollination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do the male gametes travel down the pollen tube?

<p>Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-reproductive part of the flower helps protect the flower before it blooms?

<p>Sepal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of seed dispersal in plants?

<p>To prevent overcrowding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are required for a seed to germinate?

<p>Water, oxygen, and warmth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert inorganic substances (water and CO2) into organic forms (O2 and glucose) using sunlight.

Water Absorption

The absorption of water and nutrients from the soil through the roots.

Root Nodules

A symbiotic relationship between legumes and bacteria, where bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which is a usable form of nitrogen for plants.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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Vessels (in Xylem)

Long, hollow tubes that stretch from the roots to the leaves, allowing efficient water transport.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports manufactured food (sugars and amino acids) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Sieve Tubes

Elongated cells in phloem with sieve pores that allow the flow of manufactured food.

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Companion Cells

Cells in phloem that support vital processes, providing energy and resources for the sieve tubes.

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Vegetative Propagation

A method of plant reproduction using vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures without seeds.

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Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Vegetative propagation that is assisted by humans, often resulting in faster plant growth compared to growing from seeds.

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Runner

A horizontal stem that grows above the ground, producing new plants at its nodes.

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Rhizome

A horizontal, root-like stem that grows underground, with new plants sprouting from its nodes.

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Corm

A short, thick, underground stem that stores food, producing new plants from its buds.

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Tuber

A swollen underground stem that stores food, with buds that develop into new plants.

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Bulb

A short stem with thick, fleshy leaves that stores food, creating new plants from its buds.

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Cutting

A method of vegetative propagation where a piece of a plant (stem, leaf, or root) is cut and planted to produce a new individual.

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Plant Nutrition

The process by which plants obtain and use essential nutrients for growth and metabolism.

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Plant Nutrients/Essential Elements

Chemical compounds required by plants for growth and development.

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17 Essential Elements for Plants

17 essential elements required for plant growth and development. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, and nickel.

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Vascular Tissue Arrangement

The arrangement of vascular tissues varies based on the plant's location (stem, leaf, or root) and whether it's a monocot or dicot.

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Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Asexual reproduction in flowering plants that involves using vegetative parts like stems, roots, and leaves. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant.

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Plant Hormones

Hormones that regulate plant growth and development. Examples include abscisic acid, cytokinin, auxin, ethylene, gibberellins, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.

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Adaptive Mechanisms for Nutrient Acquisition

Adaptive mechanisms used by plants to adjust growth patterns to changing environmental conditions, especially nutrient availability.

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Defense Mechanisms against Pathogens

Physical and chemical barriers used by plants to protect themselves from pathogenic substances and microorganisms.

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Pollination

This is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. It can be either self-pollination or cross-pollination.

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Fertilization

This is the fusion of the male gamete (from the pollen) with the female gamete (in the ovule). It happens after pollination.

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Seed Dispersal

This is the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant. It helps prevent overcrowding and competition for resources.

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Germination

This is the process when a seed sprouts and starts to grow into a new plant. It requires water, oxygen, and warmth.

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Petals

These are modified leaves that give a flower its shape and form. They attract pollinators like bees and humans.

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Sepals

These are small leaves that protect the flower bud before it blooms. They are found at the base of the petals.

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Receptacle

This is the part that holds the flower's organs. It is located at the base of the flower.

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Peduncle

This is the stalk that holds the flower itself. It helps support the flower.

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Study Notes

Plant Form & Function

  • Plants require sunlight, water, nutrients from soil, and air for growth.
  • Plants absorb nutrients as inorganic substances (water and CO2) and convert them into organic form (O2 and glucose) through photosynthesis.

Importance of Water

  • Water is vital for plant survival.
  • Plants have specialized root hairs to maximize water absorption from the soil.
  • Roots absorb micronutrients and compounds from the surrounding soil.

Root Nodules

  • Root nodules in legumes are symbioses between legumes and leguminous bacteria.
  • They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Transport System in Plants

  • Vascular tissues transport substances throughout the plant.
  • The main vascular tissues are xylem and phloem.

Xylem

  • Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other plant parts.
  • Some xylem parts lack protoplasm and cell walls, facilitating easy water and mineral transport.
  • Xylem contains tracheids and vessels.
  • Tracheids are connected through pitted walls, but water flow is not continuous.
  • Vessels are hollow, wider tubes stretching from roots to leaves.
  • Xylem fibers provide structural support.
  • Xylem parenchyma is the only living cell that supports food storage.

Lignin

  • Xylem tissues are strengthened by lignin.
  • Lignin patterns vary depending on location (e.g., annular, spiral, etc.).

Phloem

  • Phloem transports manufactured food (sucrose and amino acids) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
  • This process is called translocation.
  • Phloem contains sieve tube members and companion cells.
  • Sieve tube members are elongated, thin-walled cells with sieve pores.
  • Companion cells are alive, with abundant cytoplasm and nucleus. supporting metabolic activities of sieve tube members.

Plant Classification

  • Plant vascular tissue arrangements differ based on location (root, stem, leaf) and plant classification (monocot or dicot).

Plant Nutrition

  • Plant nutrition refers to the supply and absorption of chemical compounds (essential nutrients) needed for growth.
  • Plants absorb essential nutrients from soil, air, and water.
  • A list of 17 essential elements for plants is provided (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc.).

Adaptive Mechanisms in Plants

  • Plants employ adaptive mechanisms to adjust growth depending on nutrient availability.
  • They alter growth patterns and change metabolic pathways to respond to stress conditions.
  • Plants employ protective barriers (physical and chemical) against pathogens.

Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  • Many plants reproduce asexually through vegetative parts (stem, roots, leaves).
  • Asexually produced plants are genetically identical to the parent plant.
  • Methods of asexual propagation include natural vegetative propagation (e.g., runners, rhizomes, corms, tubers, bulbs) and artificial methods (e.g., cuttings, budding, grafting, tissue culture).

Modified Stems

  • Runners, rhizomes, corms, tubers, and bulbs are examples of modified stems used in asexual reproduction.
  • Different types of modified stems have unique descriptions and representative species. (e.g., runner – Bermuda grass, rhizome – sugarcane).

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  • Flowering plants reproduce sexually.
  • Reproductive organs are located in flowers.
  • Flowers can be perfect (hermaphrodites) or imperfect.
  • Perfect flowers have both male and female reproductive organs.
  • Imperfect flowers have male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers.

Parts of a Flower

  • Petals attract pollinators.
  • Sepal protects the flower before blooming.
  • Receptacle holds the flower's organs.
  • Peduncle (flower stalk) holds the flower itself.
  • Stamens (male) consist of anthers that produce pollen (male sex cells) and filaments that support the anther.
  • Pistil (female) consists of stigma (sticky surface to trap pollen), style (connects stigma and ovary), and ovary (contains ovules).

Stages of Sexual Reproduction

  • Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
  • Self-pollination - pollen transferred on the same plant.
  • Cross-pollination - pollen transferred to a different plant.
  • Fertilization: pollen tube grows to penetrate the ovule, initiating fertilization.
  • Seed dispersal: prevents overcrowding and competition, helps in plant expansion.
  • Germination: seed development into a new plant, requires sufficient water, oxygen and warmth.

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Plant Form and Function PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the essential functions of plants, including photosynthesis, water absorption, and nutrient transport. This quiz covers various aspects such as root nodules, vascular tissue systems, and the roles of xylem and phloem in plant health.

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