Plant Extract Research
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary objective of testing the 380 extracts from 200 plants?

  • To evaluate the nutritional value of various plants.
  • To find a cure for all types of diseases.
  • To identify substances that can kill malaria-causing *Plasmodium* parasites. (correct)
  • To determine the ecological impact of herbal remedies.

Which plant extract demonstrated initial promise in the research?

  • Peppermint extract
  • Ginger extract
  • *Artemisia annua* extract (correct)
  • Ginseng extract

What is the new preparation technique mentioned in the research?

  • Infusion with alcohol
  • Decoction by simmering the root of the plant (correct)
  • Freezing and thawing the plant material
  • Extraction with organic solvents

What issue arose with the extract of Artemisia annua after further testing?

<p>Further tests yielded inconsistent results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many extracts were tested in the research study?

<p>380 extracts from 200 plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Tu Youyou's early research before she discovered artemisinin?

<p>Schistosomiasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Tu Youyou lead a research team to discover an antimalarial compound?

<p>1969 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient medicine did Tu Youyou study that contributed to her discovery of artemisinin?

<p>A 1971 ancient recipe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of Project 523, which Tu Youyou participated in?

<p>Find new antimalarial drugs from traditional medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Tu Youyou's illness in her teenage years influence her career path?

<p>It spurred her interest in discovering medicines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does Tu Youyou currently hold?

<p>Chief scientist at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mosquito is primarily responsible for transmitting malaria?

<p>Anopheles mosquitoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quote reflects Tu Youyou's view on traditional Chinese medicine?

<p>No doubt, traditional Chinese medicine provides a rich resource. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did Valentina Tereshkova hold within the Soviet Union after her space flight?

<p>Director of the Soviet Women's Committee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of Valentina Tereshkova's space flight aboard the Vostok 6 capsule?

<p>71 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial experience did Valentina Tereshkova have before joining the Soviet space program?

<p>Amateur parachuting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Valentina Tereshkova first enter the Soviet space program?

<p>1961 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone was achieved by Valentina Tereshkova in 1963?

<p>First civilian to fly in space (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describe the mechanism of action of artemisinin?

<p>Artemisinin damages the malaria parasite's membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inspired Tu Youyou to research artemisinin?

<p>A historical Chinese medical text. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was artemisinin licensed for use?

<p>1986 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound was developed by Tu Youyou that is more potent than artemisinin?

<p>Dihydroartemisinin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the impact of artemisinin combination therapy (ACTs)?

<p>It effectively treats malaria, saving millions of lives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable distinction does Tu Youyou hold in the context of the Nobel Prize?

<p>She was the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize in Medicine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural substance was crucial for the development of Ivermectin by Satoshi Omura?

<p>Streptomyces avermitilis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Tu Youyou take to improve the extraction of artemisinin?

<p>Redesigning experiments with low-temperature methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Patricia Bath graduate from medical school?

<p>1968 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution did Patricia Bath co-found in 1976?

<p>American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovative tool did Patricia Bath invent in 1986?

<p>Laserphaco Probe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Patricia Bath become the first US woman to establish an ophthalmology residency training program?

<p>1983 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did Patricia Bath complete her residency in ophthalmology?

<p>New York University (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant milestone in Jane Goodall's career in 1965?

<p>She earned a PhD in ethology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of chimpanzees did Goodall identify through her research?

<p>Complex personalities and emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Jane Goodall Institute, founded in 1977?

<p>To champion chimpanzee conservation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Louis Leakey play in Jane Goodall's research?

<p>He guided her early education in primate behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Goodall's observations contribute to the understanding of chimpanzee behavior?

<p>They highlighted the similarities in behavior between chimpanzees and humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key observation Goodall made about chimpanzees regarding their diet?

<p>They are omnivorous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program did Goodall establish in 1991 aimed at youth education on conservation?

<p>Roots &amp; Shoots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the tools used by chimpanzees that Goodall observed?

<p>Branches for collecting food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the potential effectiveness of the plant extracts during the research review?

<p>The chemical composition of the extracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the extract from Artemisia annua led to discrepancies in its effectiveness during testing?

<p>Variability in sample preparation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge encountered in the evaluation of the 380 extracts?

<p>Difficulty in quantifying active compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the comparative studies of plant extracts, what aspect was critical for validating results across different trials?

<p>Standardization of measurement techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most likely to affect the stability of plant extracts during storage?

<p>Temperature and humidity control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the interaction of particle-antiparticle pairs near a black hole's event horizon?

<p>One particle falls into the black hole while the other escapes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant contribution did Roger Penrose provide in relation to black holes?

<p>He collaborated with Hawking to show how black holes form from stellar collapse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key challenge faced by Hawking's formula for radiation upon its initial proposal?

<p>It was met with skepticism and not universally accepted at first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Penrose diagrams serve in the study of black holes?

<p>They visualize the effects of gravity on approaching objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hawking radiation signify about the nature of black holes?

<p>They can lose energy and mass over time, leading to evaporation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant position did Stephen Hawking hold at Cambridge University?

<p>Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key focus area of Stephen Hawking's research?

<p>Black holes and quantum mechanics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is notable about A Brief History of Time in terms of its sales success?

<p>It remained on the Sunday Times bestseller list for 237 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prestigious award did Stephen Hawking receive for his contributions to physics?

<p>Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Stephen Hawking's disabilities have on his career?

<p>They did not hinder his extensive work in physics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tu Youyou's Research

Research on herbal, mineral, and animal substances for medicinal potential, focusing on malaria treatment.

Artemisia annua

A plant whose extract showed promise in killing malaria parasites.

Malaria Parasite

The microorganism that causes malaria.

Tu Youyou's Nobel Prize

Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in 2015 for her discovery of artemisinin, a crucial malaria treatment.

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Decoction Preparation

A common Chinese medicinal method of simmering plant roots to create a brew.

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Inconsistent Results

Initial promising results from the Artemisia annua extract which later failed to consistently reproduce the expected effects.

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Artemisinin

An antimalarial compound discovered by Tu Youyou's team, crucial for treating malaria.

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Project 523

A confidential Chinese government project to find new antimalarial drugs from traditional Chinese medicine.

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Schistosomiasis

A parasitic disease Tu Youyou researched as a way to understand parasite diseases.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine

A rich source of medicinal knowledge explored by Tu Youyou for antimalarial research.

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Malaria

A global health concern, caused by the Plasmodium parasite transmitted by female mosquitoes.

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Tuberculosis

A disease that inspired early research in Tu Youyou's life.

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Anopheles Mosquito

Female mosquitos carry and spread the Plasmodium parasite causing malaria.

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Artemisinin Discovery

Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, an anti-malaria drug, inspired by traditional Chinese medicine.

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Mechanism of Artemisinin

Artemisinin damages malaria parasite membranes, impacting its hemoglobin digestion.

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Ivermectin Discovery

Satoshi Omura's research on Streptomyces avermitilis led to ivermectin, an anti-parasite medicine.

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Dihydroartemisinin

More potent form of artemisinin, enabling smaller doses for the same effect.

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Combination Therapy

Artemisinin-based drugs used alongside other medications to combat malaria.

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Tu Youyou's Nobel Prize

Tu Youyou earned a Nobel Prize with Satoshi Omura and William C. Campbell for combating parasitic diseases.

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Artemisinin Clinical Trials

Tu Youyou and her team conducted tests on humans to evaluate artemisinin's safety and effectiveness.

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Global Health Impact

Artemisinin treatments effectively treat malaria, saving millions and impacting global health.

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Valentina Tereshkova's Role

First woman and civilian in space.

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Space Race Impact

Motivated Soviet involvement in space exploration due to competition with the US.

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Vostok 6 Mission

Spacecraft carrying Valentina Tereshkova in 1963.

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Parachuting Skill

Essential for Tereshkova's safe return from space.

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Soviet Honours

Recognized contributions to space flight and the Soviet space program.

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Patricia Bath's Field

Ophthalmology, specializing in preventing blindness and developing sight-saving treatments.

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Laserphaco Probe

A laser instrument for precise cataract removal; patented by Patricia Bath.

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Bath's first Ophthalmology Residency Program

First U.S. woman to lead an ophthalmology residency program.

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Community outreach programs

Bringing primary eye care to underserved communities.

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Patricia Bath's UCLA role

First female ophthalmologist at UCLA's Stein Eye Institute and associate professor.

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Jane Goodall's field of study

Jane Goodall's primary focus was the behavior of chimpanzees.

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Gombe National Park

The location where Jane Goodall conducted her initial chimpanzee research.

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Jane Goodall's PhD

Earned a doctorate in ethology from Cambridge University.

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Jane Goodall Institute

Organization focused on chimpanzee conservation through research, education, and outreach programs.

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Roots & Shoots program

A program designed to engage youth in conservation issues.

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Chimpanzee Tool use

Chimpanzees use tools such as branches to obtain food.

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Chimpanzee similarities to humans

Chimpanzees share similar traits and social behaviors with humans.

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Chimpanzee Complex Personalities

Chimpanzees exhibit diverse and intricate personalities, emotions, and social structures.

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Artemisinin's Impact

A powerful antimalarial drug found in the Artemisia annua plant, saving millions.

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Tu Youyou's Approach

Used traditional Chinese medicine to find new antimalarial drugs.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine Impact

Provided a rich source of medicinal knowledge. A significant area of research.

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Malaria's Transmission

Spread by female mosquitos carrying the Plasmodium parasite. Deadly disease.

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Project 523's Goal

A top-secret project searching for new anti-malarial drugs.

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Hawking Radiation

Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects, causing them to lose energy and evaporate.

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Black Hole Evaporation

The process by which black holes lose mass and energy through Hawking Radiation, ultimately disappearing.

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Roger Penrose

A British physicist who made significant contributions to our understanding of black holes and the Big Bang theory.

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Black Hole Singularity

The point of infinite density and gravity at the center of a black hole.

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Hawking's Discovery Impact

Hawking's discovery regarding black hole radiation was a pivotal contribution to 20th-century physics.

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Hawking's Black Hole Research

Stephen Hawking's work focused on theories about black holes as part of his study of the universe.

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A Brief History of Time

A popular science book by Stephen Hawking that explained complex concepts in an accessible way.

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Lucasian Professor

A prestigious position held by Hawking at Cambridge University dedicated to mathematics.

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Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics

A significant award given to Stephen Hawking for his extraordinary work in physics.

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Quantum Mechanics

A branch of physics that deals with the smallest parts of matter and energy.

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