Plant Diversity - Pteridophytes and Ferns
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following leaf types is characteristic of pteridophytes?

  • Simple leaves only
  • Serrated leaves
  • Megaphylls and microphylls (correct)
  • Compound leaves only

What characterizes the sporangia development in pteridophytes?

  • Only produced on leaf tips
  • Occurs only during flowering
  • Produced in sporangia or sporophylls (correct)
  • Develops exclusively in roots

Which ecological preference is typical for pteridophytes?

  • Prefers arid and dry environments
  • Grows in moist and shady conditions (correct)
  • Thrives in open and sunny landscapes
  • Exclusively found in aquatic habitats

Which structure in pteridophytes is dominant and independent?

<p>Sporophyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the families and genera of pteridophytes?

<p>Pteridophytes are represented by both primitive and fossil vascular plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaves do members of the genus Osmunda possess?

<p>Both fertile pinnate and large sterile leaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family and genus combination is characterized by floating aquatics with small, rounded sporangia?

<p>Salviniaceae, Salvinia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sporangium types in the family of Hymenophyllaceae from others?

<p>Sorus arranged at the end of the veins with a true inducium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological preference do members of the genus Schizaea exhibit?

<p>Open habitats with marginal sporangia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sori of Cyathea?

<p>Sori are indusiate and cup-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sporocarps function in the genus Marsilia?

<p>As receptacles containing sporangia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inducium is found in the genus Adiantum?

<p>False inducium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family and genus combination is characterized by having sporangia borne on special structures called sporocarps?

<p>Azollaceae, Azolla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vascular system arrangement is represented by siphonostele?

<p>Vascular bundles arranged in a tube shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications belongs to Class Lycopodiopsida?

<p>Isoetales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which life cycle type produces bisexual gametophytes?

<p>Homosporous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterospory is characterized by the differentiation of which types of spores?

<p>Microspores and megaspores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of pteridophytes is considered more closely related to seed plants?

<p>Class Polypodiopsida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification rank directly above the family in the PPG I system?

<p>Order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order under Class Lycopodiopsida contains one family and multiple genera?

<p>Lycopodiales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subclass is not part of Class Polypodiopsida?

<p>Isoetidae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic feature of homosporous plants?

<p>They produce spores of equal size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following orders is characterized by having only a single monogeneric family?

<p>Isoëtales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which morphological characteristics are associated with the genus Selaginella?

<p>Ligulate leaves with aggregated sporophylls in strobili (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sporanigia development occurs in Selaginella?

<p>Incompletely septate sporangia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order includes the genus Lepidodendron?

<p>Lepidodendrales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the gametophyte of Lycopodium is true?

<p>It has sex organs on its upper surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological preference of Isoetes species?

<p>Submerged in fresh water for part or all of the year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sporophylls of Lycopodium and Selaginella?

<p>Lycopodium sporophylls can have specialized shapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can spores of Lycopodium remain viable before germinating?

<p>3-8 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the leaves of Isoetes is accurate?

<p>They have a quill-like structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes the genera Marattia from Angiopteris?

<p>Laterally fused sporangia forming synangium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is characterized by having sporophylls that may not be specialized?

<p>Lycopodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sorus is described as having all sporangia at the same stage of development?

<p>Simple sorus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which ecological environment is Gleichenia often found?

<p>Under waterfalls and swamps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What life cycle similarity exists between Selaginella and Lepidodendron?

<p>Both feature heterosporous reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sporangia are typically found in a sorus of Gleichenia?

<p>7-8 sporangia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order is associated with the most advanced characteristics in pterophyta?

<p>Filicales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sorus is characterized by older sporangia at the top, with younger sporangia below?

<p>Gradate sorus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphological feature is absent in Marattiaceae plants?

<p>Indusium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is noted for its creeping dichotomous rhizome?

<p>Gleichenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main character that differentiates various types of sori in Filicales?

<p>Nature of the sori arrangement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sporangia arrangement is seen in mixed sori?

<p>Unordered arrangement with varying ages of sporangia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sporangia in the Phylum Psilophyta are always homosporous.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gametophyte of Psilotum is typically green and photosynthetic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary growth is absent in Psilophyta.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Class Psilotopsida includes both extinct and extant members.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhizomes in Psilophyta have well-developed roots.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pteridophytes are seed-bearing vascular plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pteridophyte gametophytes require water for external fertilization.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pteridophytes are primarily adapted to fully terrestrial environments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Pteridophytes' means 'flowering plants'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sporophytes are dependent on gametophytes in pteridophytes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Pteridophyte subclasses with their corresponding characteristics:

<p>Equisetidae = Horsetails with jointed stems Ophioglossidae = Contains species like adders-tongue Marattiidae = Large ferns with complex fronds Polypodidae = Diverse group including many common ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Pteridophyte classes with the orders they encompass:

<p>Lycopodiopsida = Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Selaginellales Polypodiopsida = Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Marattiidae, Polypodidae Psilophyta = Psilotales Sphenophyta = Includes Equisetum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to pteridophyte life cycles:

<p>Homosporous = Produces bisexual gametophytes Heterosporous = Produces male and female gametophytes Microspores = Give rise to male gametophytes Megaspores = Give rise to female gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classifications with their descriptions in the PPG I system:

<p>Class Lycopodiopsida = Contains lycophytes Class Polypodiopsida = Includes ferns Subclass Equisetidae = Associated with horsetails Order Isoetales = Contains a single monogeneric family</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to vascular systems with their characteristics:

<p>Siphonostele = Composed of several vascular bundles in a tube shape Protostele = Simplest type of stele found in some plants Eusteel = Characterized by a central pith surrounded by vascular tissue Actinostele = Contains a star-shaped cross-section of vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of steles with their descriptions:

<p>Protostele = Simple, unbranched, centrally located strand of xylem with no pith Plectostele = Interconnected regions of xylem surrounded by phloem Siphonostele = Central vascular core with surrounding phloem, typically present in complex plants Dictyostele = Multiple vascular strands with surrounding tissues, characteristic of advanced ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following life cycle types with their characteristics:

<p>Homosporous = Produces one type of spore Heterosporous = Produces two types of spores: microspores and megaspores Eusporangiate = Develops from multiple cells forming the sporangium Leptosporangiate = Develops from a single cell forming the sporangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant characteristics to their descriptions:

<p>Circinate vernation = Young leaves exhibit coiling as they unfurl Cuticle = Layer that protects the plant from excessive evaporation Chlorophyll-containing epidermal cells = Allows for photosynthesis in leaves Spongy parenchyma = Tissue responsible for gas exchange in leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vascular system types with their definitions:

<p>Protostele = Single strand of xylem without pith Dictyostele = Multiple vascular strands organized in a complex pattern Siphonostele = Central hollow core of xylem surrounded by phloem Plectostele = Region of xylem interconnected with surrounding phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of gametophytes with their requirements:

<p>Water = Necessary for external fertilization Short life period = Characteristic of gametophytes Photosynthetic capability = Required for energy during gametophyte development Dependence on sporophytes = Sporophytes provide support and nutrients to gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Osmunda (Royal fern)

A type of fern in the Osmundaceae family, characterized by fertile pinnate and large sterile leaves, forming few spores, and having simple sori without an indusium.

Schizaeaceae family

A fern family with three genera (Schizaea, Anemia, and Lygodium), primarily featuring unbranched stems and linear leaves.

True Indusium

A protective covering over the sori (clusters of sporangia) on the fern fronds found in Asplenium and certain other types of ferns.

False Indusium

A protective covering that is not clearly distinct but instead is a part of the leaf, as seen in Adiantum.

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Cyathea (Tree fern)

A type of fern with a long stem, unlike most other ferns with short stems, and is a large terrestrial fern with a trunk-like rhizome.

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Hymenophyllum (Filmy fern)

A type of fern characterized by very thin leaves, clear veins, and sori arranged at the ends of the veins, with the indusium forming a part of the leaf itself.

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Salvinia (floating aquatic)

A floating aquatic fern with small, rounded sporangia protected by sac-like indusia; its leaves are sessile and heterosporous.

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Marsilea (water fern)

An aquatic fern with long, rooted rhizomes, and leaves with 2 or 4 terminal leaflets; sporangia are in sporocarps (nut-like receptacles) along the petiole. It is heterosporous.

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Siphonostele

A type of vascular system in ferns, and later developed in seed plants. It's a tube-like structure with vascular bundles arranged around a central pith.

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Homospory

A plant life cycle where a single type of spore produces a bisexual gametophyte.

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Heterospory

A plant life cycle with two types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female).

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Lycopodiopsida

A class of vascular plants, including club mosses, with three orders (Lycopodiales, Isoetales, and Selaginellales).

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Polypodiopsida

A class of vascular plants, including ferns, with four subclasses (Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Marattiidae, and Polypodidae).

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Pteridophytes

Group of vascular plants that reproduce using spores instead of seeds.

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Microspores

Spores that develop into the male gametophytes.

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Megaspores

Spores that develop into the female gametophytes.

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PPG I

A 2016 classification system for extant Pteridophytes, focusing on the relationships between different plant groups.

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Four sub-divisions of Pteridophyta

Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta/Filicophyta

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Simple Sorus

A sorus where all sporangia develop and mature at the same time.

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Gradate Sorus

A sorus where older sporangia are at the top, and successively younger ones are found at the bottom.

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Mixed Sorus

A sorus with sporangia of different ages mixed without any definite arrangement.

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Gleichenia Sori

Sori (clusters of sporangia) located on the side veins of the Gleichenia fern, lacking an indusium.

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Synangium

A structure formed by the fusion of sporangia, found in Marattia ferns.

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Marattia/Angiopteris

Two genera of ferns in the Marattiales order, with similar morphology and laterally fused sporangia (forming synangia) in Marattia.

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Osmunda

A genus of ferns in the Osmundales order, commonly featured with simple sori.

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Botrychium

A genus of ferns with pinnately compound leaves and branched spikes.

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Helminthostachys

A genus of ferns with flower-like spikes and sporangia not embedded in the stalks.

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Circinate Vernation

A characteristic of fern leaves where the young leaves curl up in a circinate manner.

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Lycopodium (Club Mosses)

A group of plants with sharp, pointed leaves, moss-like appearance, and club-shaped structures called strobili. They lack a true vascular system and reproduce via spores.

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Sporophyll Specialization

The degree to which the leaves that bear spores (sporophylls) differ in shape and size from the regular leaves (foliages) in Lycopodium.

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Gametophyte

The haploid generation in the life cycle of a plant that produces gametes (sex cells).

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Mycorrhizal Association

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant, where the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil.

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Selaginella

A genus of plants with ligulate leaves (leaves with a small, tongue-like projection), heterosporous reproduction, and strobili (cone-like clusters of sporophylls).

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Lepidodendron

An extinct genus of tree-like plants with unbranched stems, dichotomous branching (splitting into two equal parts), and long, grass-like leaves. It is heterosporous.

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Isoetes (Quillwort)

A genus of aquatic plants with a lobed corm (underground stem) that bears roots and long, feathery leaves. It is heterosporous.

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Quillwort

A common name for Isoetes, referring to the quill (feather)-like structure of their long, narrow leaves.

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What are pteridophytes?

Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that reproduce using spores and do not produce seeds. They are also called 'cryptogams' because their reproductive structures are hidden.

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What is the main difference between pteridophytes and bryophytes?

In pteridophytes, the sporophyte (spore-producing) generation is dominant, while in bryophytes, the gametophyte (sex cell-producing) generation is dominant.

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How do pteridophytes reproduce?

Pteridophytes reproduce using spores, which are released from sporangia. The spores germinate into a small, independent gametophyte. Water is essential for fertilization, as sperm swim to the egg.

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What are the two types of leaves in pteridophytes?

Pteridophytes have two types of leaves: microphylls and megaphylls. Microphylls are small and simple, while megaphylls are larger, petiolate, and have stipules.

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Where do pteridophytes typically grow?

Pteridophytes are mostly terrestrial but prefer moist, shady environments. Some species may grow in aquatic conditions, but they are not fully adapted to aquatic life like some other plants.

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Sporophyte dominance

In pteridophytes, the sporophyte (spore-producing) generation is the dominant and long-lasting phase of the life cycle.

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Microphylls vs. Megaphylls

Pteridophytes have two main types of leaves: microphylls, which are small and simple, and megaphylls, which are larger, petiolate, and have stipules.

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Habitat preference

Most pteridophytes are terrestrial but prefer cool, shady, and moist environments. Some species can grow in aquatic conditions, but they are not fully adapted to aquatic life.

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Psilophyta

A phylum of vascular plants characterized by a rootless sporophyte with dichotomous branching, simple vascular tissue, and homosporous reproduction.

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Psilotum

A genus of living plants belonging to the Psilotales order, possessing a rootless sporophyte with small, scale-like leaves and a simple vascular system.

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Dichotomous branching

A type of branching where the stem divides into two equal branches.

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Protostele

A type of vascular tissue where the vascular bundles are arranged in a solid cylinder without a central pith.

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Dictyostele

A stele with a network of interconnected vascular bundles, forming a mesh-like structure.

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Study Notes

Plant Diversity - Pteridophytes

  • Plant diversity ranges greatly, from single-celled bacteria to complex seed plants like giant redwood trees.
  • Bacteria, algae, fungi, bryophytes, and pteridophytes are all cryptogams, meaning they do not produce seeds.
  • Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams, having a vascular system, and reproducing via spores.
  • The term "Pteridophytes" originates from the Greek words "pteron" (feather) and "phyton" (plant), referring to their feather-like leaves.
  • Pteridophytes disperse spores, lacking both flowers and seeds.
  • Pteridophytes are classified as a division known as Pteridophyta.
  • Pteridophyta are represented by primitive plants like Selaginella and Rhynia.
  • Pteridophytes are mostly terrestrial plants, but prefer cool, shady environments, or some in aquatic conditions.

Fern Life Cycle

  • The fern life cycle involves both sporophyte and gametophyte stages.
  • The sporophyte is the dominant stage, which differentiates into roots, stems, and leaves.
  • Sporangia, containing spores, are located on the leaves, typically clustered in structures known as sori, often covered by an indusium.
  • Spores germinate into the gametophyte, which is a small, heart-shaped plant.
  • The gametophyte further develops sex cells (egg and sperm).
  • Fertilization occurs when sperm swim to the egg.
  • The resulting zygote develops into a new sporophyte, completing the cycle.

Key Differences Between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

  • In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the dominant generation, while in bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant.
  • The sporophyte in pteridophytes is independent of the gametophyte, while in bryophytes, it's dependent on the gametophyte.
  • In both, the gametophyte requires water for external fertilization.

General Characters of Pteridophyta

  • Pteridophytes possess roots, leaves, and stems.
  • A vascular system is present.
  • The sporophyte is the dominant stage.
  • The gametophyte has a short life span.
  • Spores develop in sporangia, and in some species within sporocarps.

Leaf Types in Pteridophytes

  • Microphylls are small, sessile leaves without stipules or petioles.
  • Megaphylls are large, petiolate leaves with both petioles and stipules.
  • Some Pteridophytes exhibit either homosporous or heterosporous life cycles.
  • Homosporous plants have one type of spore while heterosporous plants have two types (microspores and megaspores).

Vascular System in Pteridophytes

  • Vascular systems in pteridophytes vary from protostele to dictyostele.
  • Protective structures like the cuticle and associated tissues over the aerial plant surface are present to prevent excessive evaporation.

Additional Features of Pteridophyta

  • Circinate vernation is a feature observed in young fern leaves.
  • Spores possess a thick outer layer, resistant to drought.
  • Stems can photosynthesize if leaves are absent.
  • Gametophytes require water for fertilization.

Phyla of Pteridophyta

  • Psilophyta (Psilotum and others) primitive group, dichotomous branching.
  • Lycophyta (Lycopodium, Selaginella, and others) - small, simple leaves.
  • Sphenophyta (Equisetum) - ribbed stems, in whorled arrangement
  • Pterophyta / Filicophyta (ferns) - advanced group with compound, megaphyllous leaves; complex sori, indusium typically present in sporangium clusters

Classification of Pteridophytes

  • Modern classification systems recognize two major classes within Pteridophytes: Lycopodiopsida and Polypodiopsida, based on phylogenetic analyses.
  • Further subdivisions into orders, families, and genera are based on various morphological and biochemical characteristics.

Pteridophyte Morphology and Characteristics

  • Specific morphological features (like stem structures, leaf arrangements, sporangium types, and spore release mechanisms) and other traits aid in differentiating each phylum and order.
  • Many pteridophytes, especially ferns, tend to display features like compound leaves, sori, and indusia.
  • Pteridophyte distribution varies with certain groups being primarily found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, as well as temperate zones.
  • Important characteristics of each phylum and their subdivisions are covered, including their habitat preferences, growth forms, and morphological adaptations.

Further Information

  • A detailed classification system of extant vascular cryptogams is covered.
  • Key morphological features for each phylum and order are provided.
  • Evolutionary aspects related to the vascular system are addressed as part of the classification system.
  • The life cycle of each phylum along with the type of sporangia, spores, and other reproductive features are included.
  • Distribution patterns, ecological adaptations, and conservation status of some pteridophytes are included.

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Explore the fascinating world of plant diversity, focusing on pteridophytes and their unique characteristics. This quiz delves into their reproduction, life cycle, and classifications. Understand the importance of these vascular cryptogams in different environments.

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