Plant Diversity - Pteridophytes and Ferns
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Which of the following leaf types is characteristic of pteridophytes?

  • Simple leaves only
  • Serrated leaves
  • Megaphylls and microphylls (correct)
  • Compound leaves only

    • What characterizes the sporangia development in pteridophytes?

  • Only produced on leaf tips
  • Occurs only during flowering
  • Produced in sporangia or sporophylls (correct)
  • Develops exclusively in roots

    • Which ecological preference is typical for pteridophytes?

  • Prefers arid and dry environments
  • Grows in moist and shady conditions (correct)
  • Thrives in open and sunny landscapes
  • Exclusively found in aquatic habitats

    • Which structure in pteridophytes is dominant and independent?

    <p>Sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the families and genera of pteridophytes?

    <p>Pteridophytes are represented by both primitive and fossil vascular plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leaves do members of the genus Osmunda possess?

    <p>Both fertile pinnate and large sterile leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family and genus combination is characterized by floating aquatics with small, rounded sporangia?

    <p>Salviniaceae, Salvinia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the sporangium types in the family of Hymenophyllaceae from others?

    <p>Sorus arranged at the end of the veins with a true inducium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological preference do members of the genus Schizaea exhibit?

    <p>Open habitats with marginal sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the sori of Cyathea?

    <p>Sori are indusiate and cup-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sporocarps function in the genus Marsilia?

    <p>As receptacles containing sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inducium is found in the genus Adiantum?

    <p>False inducium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family and genus combination is characterized by having sporangia borne on special structures called sporocarps?

    <p>Azollaceae, Azolla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular system arrangement is represented by siphonostele?

    <p>Vascular bundles arranged in a tube shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classifications belongs to Class Lycopodiopsida?

    <p>Isoetales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life cycle type produces bisexual gametophytes?

    <p>Homosporous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterospory is characterized by the differentiation of which types of spores?

    <p>Microspores and megaspores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of pteridophytes is considered more closely related to seed plants?

    <p>Class Polypodiopsida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification rank directly above the family in the PPG I system?

    <p>Order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order under Class Lycopodiopsida contains one family and multiple genera?

    <p>Lycopodiales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subclass is not part of Class Polypodiopsida?

    <p>Isoetidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a characteristic feature of homosporous plants?

    <p>They produce spores of equal size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following orders is characterized by having only a single monogeneric family?

    <p>Isoëtales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological characteristics are associated with the genus Selaginella?

    <p>Ligulate leaves with aggregated sporophylls in strobili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sporanigia development occurs in Selaginella?

    <p>Incompletely septate sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order includes the genus Lepidodendron?

    <p>Lepidodendrales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the gametophyte of Lycopodium is true?

    <p>It has sex organs on its upper surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ecological preference of Isoetes species?

    <p>Submerged in fresh water for part or all of the year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the sporophylls of Lycopodium and Selaginella?

    <p>Lycopodium sporophylls can have specialized shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can spores of Lycopodium remain viable before germinating?

    <p>3-8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the leaves of Isoetes is accurate?

    <p>They have a quill-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes the genera Marattia from Angiopteris?

    <p>Laterally fused sporangia forming synangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus is characterized by having sporophylls that may not be specialized?

    <p>Lycopodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sorus is described as having all sporangia at the same stage of development?

    <p>Simple sorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which ecological environment is Gleichenia often found?

    <p>Under waterfalls and swamps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What life cycle similarity exists between Selaginella and Lepidodendron?

    <p>Both feature heterosporous reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sporangia are typically found in a sorus of Gleichenia?

    <p>7-8 sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order is associated with the most advanced characteristics in pterophyta?

    <p>Filicales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sorus is characterized by older sporangia at the top, with younger sporangia below?

    <p>Gradate sorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature is absent in Marattiaceae plants?

    <p>Indusium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus is noted for its creeping dichotomous rhizome?

    <p>Gleichenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main character that differentiates various types of sori in Filicales?

    <p>Nature of the sori arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sporangia arrangement is seen in mixed sori?

    <p>Unordered arrangement with varying ages of sporangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporangia in the Phylum Psilophyta are always homosporous.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gametophyte of Psilotum is typically green and photosynthetic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary growth is absent in Psilophyta.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Class Psilotopsida includes both extinct and extant members.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhizomes in Psilophyta have well-developed roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pteridophytes are seed-bearing vascular plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pteridophyte gametophytes require water for external fertilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pteridophytes are primarily adapted to fully terrestrial environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Pteridophytes' means 'flowering plants'.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporophytes are dependent on gametophytes in pteridophytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Pteridophyte subclasses with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Equisetidae = Horsetails with jointed stems Ophioglossidae = Contains species like adders-tongue Marattiidae = Large ferns with complex fronds Polypodidae = Diverse group including many common ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Pteridophyte classes with the orders they encompass:

    <p>Lycopodiopsida = Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Selaginellales Polypodiopsida = Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Marattiidae, Polypodidae Psilophyta = Psilotales Sphenophyta = Includes Equisetum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to pteridophyte life cycles:

    <p>Homosporous = Produces bisexual gametophytes Heterosporous = Produces male and female gametophytes Microspores = Give rise to male gametophytes Megaspores = Give rise to female gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classifications with their descriptions in the PPG I system:

    <p>Class Lycopodiopsida = Contains lycophytes Class Polypodiopsida = Includes ferns Subclass Equisetidae = Associated with horsetails Order Isoetales = Contains a single monogeneric family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to vascular systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Siphonostele = Composed of several vascular bundles in a tube shape Protostele = Simplest type of stele found in some plants Eusteel = Characterized by a central pith surrounded by vascular tissue Actinostele = Contains a star-shaped cross-section of vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of steles with their descriptions:

    <p>Protostele = Simple, unbranched, centrally located strand of xylem with no pith Plectostele = Interconnected regions of xylem surrounded by phloem Siphonostele = Central vascular core with surrounding phloem, typically present in complex plants Dictyostele = Multiple vascular strands with surrounding tissues, characteristic of advanced ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following life cycle types with their characteristics:

    <p>Homosporous = Produces one type of spore Heterosporous = Produces two types of spores: microspores and megaspores Eusporangiate = Develops from multiple cells forming the sporangium Leptosporangiate = Develops from a single cell forming the sporangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant characteristics to their descriptions:

    <p>Circinate vernation = Young leaves exhibit coiling as they unfurl Cuticle = Layer that protects the plant from excessive evaporation Chlorophyll-containing epidermal cells = Allows for photosynthesis in leaves Spongy parenchyma = Tissue responsible for gas exchange in leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vascular system types with their definitions:

    <p>Protostele = Single strand of xylem without pith Dictyostele = Multiple vascular strands organized in a complex pattern Siphonostele = Central hollow core of xylem surrounded by phloem Plectostele = Region of xylem interconnected with surrounding phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of gametophytes with their requirements:

    <p>Water = Necessary for external fertilization Short life period = Characteristic of gametophytes Photosynthetic capability = Required for energy during gametophyte development Dependence on sporophytes = Sporophytes provide support and nutrients to gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Diversity - Pteridophytes

    • Plant diversity ranges greatly, from single-celled bacteria to complex seed plants like giant redwood trees.
    • Bacteria, algae, fungi, bryophytes, and pteridophytes are all cryptogams, meaning they do not produce seeds.
    • Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams, having a vascular system, and reproducing via spores.
    • The term "Pteridophytes" originates from the Greek words "pteron" (feather) and "phyton" (plant), referring to their feather-like leaves.
    • Pteridophytes disperse spores, lacking both flowers and seeds.
    • Pteridophytes are classified as a division known as Pteridophyta.
    • Pteridophyta are represented by primitive plants like Selaginella and Rhynia.
    • Pteridophytes are mostly terrestrial plants, but prefer cool, shady environments, or some in aquatic conditions.

    Fern Life Cycle

    • The fern life cycle involves both sporophyte and gametophyte stages.
    • The sporophyte is the dominant stage, which differentiates into roots, stems, and leaves.
    • Sporangia, containing spores, are located on the leaves, typically clustered in structures known as sori, often covered by an indusium.
    • Spores germinate into the gametophyte, which is a small, heart-shaped plant.
    • The gametophyte further develops sex cells (egg and sperm).
    • Fertilization occurs when sperm swim to the egg.
    • The resulting zygote develops into a new sporophyte, completing the cycle.

    Key Differences Between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

    • In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the dominant generation, while in bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant.
    • The sporophyte in pteridophytes is independent of the gametophyte, while in bryophytes, it's dependent on the gametophyte.
    • In both, the gametophyte requires water for external fertilization.

    General Characters of Pteridophyta

    • Pteridophytes possess roots, leaves, and stems.
    • A vascular system is present.
    • The sporophyte is the dominant stage.
    • The gametophyte has a short life span.
    • Spores develop in sporangia, and in some species within sporocarps.

    Leaf Types in Pteridophytes

    • Microphylls are small, sessile leaves without stipules or petioles.
    • Megaphylls are large, petiolate leaves with both petioles and stipules.
    • Some Pteridophytes exhibit either homosporous or heterosporous life cycles.
    • Homosporous plants have one type of spore while heterosporous plants have two types (microspores and megaspores).

    Vascular System in Pteridophytes

    • Vascular systems in pteridophytes vary from protostele to dictyostele.
    • Protective structures like the cuticle and associated tissues over the aerial plant surface are present to prevent excessive evaporation.

    Additional Features of Pteridophyta

    • Circinate vernation is a feature observed in young fern leaves.
    • Spores possess a thick outer layer, resistant to drought.
    • Stems can photosynthesize if leaves are absent.
    • Gametophytes require water for fertilization.

    Phyla of Pteridophyta

    • Psilophyta (Psilotum and others) primitive group, dichotomous branching.
    • Lycophyta (Lycopodium, Selaginella, and others) - small, simple leaves.
    • Sphenophyta (Equisetum) - ribbed stems, in whorled arrangement
    • Pterophyta / Filicophyta (ferns) - advanced group with compound, megaphyllous leaves; complex sori, indusium typically present in sporangium clusters

    Classification of Pteridophytes

    • Modern classification systems recognize two major classes within Pteridophytes: Lycopodiopsida and Polypodiopsida, based on phylogenetic analyses.
    • Further subdivisions into orders, families, and genera are based on various morphological and biochemical characteristics.

    Pteridophyte Morphology and Characteristics

    • Specific morphological features (like stem structures, leaf arrangements, sporangium types, and spore release mechanisms) and other traits aid in differentiating each phylum and order.
    • Many pteridophytes, especially ferns, tend to display features like compound leaves, sori, and indusia.
    • Pteridophyte distribution varies with certain groups being primarily found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, as well as temperate zones.
    • Important characteristics of each phylum and their subdivisions are covered, including their habitat preferences, growth forms, and morphological adaptations.

    Further Information

    • A detailed classification system of extant vascular cryptogams is covered.
    • Key morphological features for each phylum and order are provided.
    • Evolutionary aspects related to the vascular system are addressed as part of the classification system.
    • The life cycle of each phylum along with the type of sporangia, spores, and other reproductive features are included.
    • Distribution patterns, ecological adaptations, and conservation status of some pteridophytes are included.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of plant diversity, focusing on pteridophytes and their unique characteristics. This quiz delves into their reproduction, life cycle, and classifications. Understand the importance of these vascular cryptogams in different environments.

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