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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the root system?
What is the primary function of the root system?
To anchor the plant, store food (organic nutrients), absorb water and minerals and conduct water and minerals.
Which of these are NOT considered modified roots?
Which of these are NOT considered modified roots?
- Strangling
- Cauline
- Stoloniferous
- Bulb / Corm
- Hairy (correct)
- Fibrous (correct)
- Tuberous
- Adventitious
- Rhizomafous
- Monoliform
- Pneumatophores
- Nodulose
- Taproot (correct)
What are the two main types of root systems?
What are the two main types of root systems?
- Vascular and non-vascular
- Underground and aboveground
- Lateral and primary
- Taproot and fibrous (correct)
The basic morphology of vascular and non-vascular plants reflects their evolutionary history as terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
The basic morphology of vascular and non-vascular plants reflects their evolutionary history as terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
What are the three basic organs of a plant?
What are the three basic organs of a plant?
What is the main difference in the vascular tissue between monocots and dicots in leaves?
What is the main difference in the vascular tissue between monocots and dicots in leaves?
What causes elongation of a young shoot?
What causes elongation of a young shoot?
What is the main photosynthetic organ in most vascular plants?
What is the main photosynthetic organ in most vascular plants?
What is the name for the modified leaves that surround a group of flowers in poinsettia?
What is the name for the modified leaves that surround a group of flowers in poinsettia?
What helps pea plants cling to a support?
What helps pea plants cling to a support?
What do most succulents, such as ice plant, have leaves modified for?
What do most succulents, such as ice plant, have leaves modified for?
What structure on a plant has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch?
What structure on a plant has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch?
What is the name for the points at which leaves are attached to a stem?
What is the name for the points at which leaves are attached to a stem?
What are the stem segments between the nodes called?
What are the stem segments between the nodes called?
Which of the following are considered modified stems?
Which of the following are considered modified stems?
What is the primary function of the meristematic tissues in a plant?
What is the primary function of the meristematic tissues in a plant?
What are the three types of meristems?
What are the three types of meristems?
Apical meristems are located at the tip of roots and in the buds of shoots.
Apical meristems are located at the tip of roots and in the buds of shoots.
Intercalary meristems are responsible for increasing length between nodes.
Intercalary meristems are responsible for increasing length between nodes.
Lateral meristems are responsible for adding thickness/girth to woody plants.
Lateral meristems are responsible for adding thickness/girth to woody plants.
What are the two types of lateral meristems?
What are the two types of lateral meristems?
Primary growth produces the primary plant body, the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems.
Primary growth produces the primary plant body, the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems.
What is the primary plant body?
What is the primary plant body?
The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the delicate apical meristems as the root pushes through soil during primary growth.
The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the delicate apical meristems as the root pushes through soil during primary growth.
What is the innermost part of the root called?
What is the innermost part of the root called?
What does the primary growth of roots produce?
What does the primary growth of roots produce?
In the roots of typical gymnosperms and dicots, the stele is a vascular cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem with phloem between the lobes.
In the roots of typical gymnosperms and dicots, the stele is a vascular cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem with phloem between the lobes.
The stele of many monocot roots is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.
The stele of many monocot roots is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.
From where do lateral roots arise?
From where do lateral roots arise?
What is a shoot apical meristem?
What is a shoot apical meristem?
What does the shoot apical meristem give rise to?
What does the shoot apical meristem give rise to?
In a dicot stem, vascular bundles form a ring, with ground tissue called pith towards the inside and cortex towards the outside.
In a dicot stem, vascular bundles form a ring, with ground tissue called pith towards the inside and cortex towards the outside.
In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, and the ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and cortex.
In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, and the ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and cortex.
What is the epidermal tissue interrupted by, that allows CO2 exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells within a leaf?
What is the epidermal tissue interrupted by, that allows CO2 exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells within a leaf?
What tissue is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis in a leaf?
What tissue is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis in a leaf?
What tissue is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem in a leaf?
What tissue is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem in a leaf?
Secondary growth occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves.
Secondary growth occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves.
What are the tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium?
What are the tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium?
The vascular cambium is a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thick, and it develops from parenchyma cells.
The vascular cambium is a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thick, and it develops from parenchyma cells.
The cork cambium forms a new layer of periderm, which consists of the cork cambium plus the layers of cork cells it produces.
The cork cambium forms a new layer of periderm, which consists of the cork cambium plus the layers of cork cells it produces.
What does bark consist of?
What does bark consist of?
The outer layers of secondary xylem, known as sapwood, still transport materials through the xylem, while the older layers of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport water and minerals.
The outer layers of secondary xylem, known as sapwood, still transport materials through the xylem, while the older layers of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport water and minerals.
The vascular cambium appears as a ring, with interspersed regions of dividing cells called fusiform initials and ray initials.
The vascular cambium appears as a ring, with interspersed regions of dividing cells called fusiform initials and ray initials.
A cambial initial can divide transversely to form 2 cambial initials or radially to form an initial and either a xylem cell or a phloem cell.
A cambial initial can divide transversely to form 2 cambial initials or radially to form an initial and either a xylem cell or a phloem cell.
Although shown here as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually produces much more xylem.
Although shown here as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually produces much more xylem.
Flashcards
Meristematic Tissues
Meristematic Tissues
A specialized group of cells that continuously divide and differentiate to produce new tissues in plants, leading to growth.
Apical Meristems
Apical Meristems
Located at the tips of roots and shoots, these meristems are responsible for primary growth, which increases the length of the plant.
Intercalary Meristems
Intercalary Meristems
Found between the tip and base of stems and leaves, these meristems contribute to the elongation of internodes, the spaces between leaves on a stem.
Lateral Meristems
Lateral Meristems
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Primary Growth
Primary Growth
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Secondary Growth
Secondary Growth
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Dermal Tissue
Dermal Tissue
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Collenchyma
Collenchyma
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Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma
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Xylem
Xylem
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Phloem
Phloem
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Pericycle
Pericycle
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Endodermis
Endodermis
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Pith
Pith
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Cortex
Cortex
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Mesophyll
Mesophyll
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Stomata
Stomata
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Cuticle
Cuticle
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Vascular Bundles
Vascular Bundles
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Heartwood
Heartwood
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Sapwood
Sapwood
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Growth Rings
Growth Rings
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Periderm
Periderm
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Bark
Bark
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Cambial Initials
Cambial Initials
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Ray Initials
Ray Initials
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Fusiform Initials
Fusiform Initials
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Study Notes
Plant Development
- Plant structures are organized into a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells.
- Plant morphology reflects evolutionary history (terrestrial and aquatic).
- Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves.
- Roots, stems, and leaves are organized into root systems and shoot systems.
- Roots function as anchors, food storage, and water/mineral absorption.
- Roots have different types, including taproot and fibrous.
- Lateral roots originate from the pericycle.
- Roots have different zones, including maturation, elongation, and cell division.
- Modified roots can have special functions like storage or support.
- Stems provide support and transport.
- Stems have nodes and internodes, axillary buds, and terminal buds.
- Leaves are photosynthetic organs
- Leaves have different arrangements of veins in monocots and dicots
- Modified stems include stolons, bulbs, tubers, rhizomes
- Modified leaves include spines, bracts, tendrils, and storage leaves.
- Plants have three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells in plants.
- Describe how meristems generate cells for new organs.
- Describe how primary growth lengthens roots and shoots.
- Explain how secondary growth increases stem and root girth.
Meristems
- Meristems are tissues with continuously dividing cells.
- Types of meristems include:
- Apical
- Intercalary
- Lateral
- Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots, elongating plant parts.
- Intercalary meristems are located between the nodes and internodes, contributing to growth in length.
- Lateral meristems are found on the sides of stems and roots, causing increases in girth.
Simple Permanent Tissues
- parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are simple permanent tissues.
- Parenchyma cells are isodiametric with thin walls, and carry out photosynthesis, storage, and support.
- Collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened walls and provide strength to plant stems.
- Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified walls and offer structural support.
Complex Permanent Tissues
- Xylem and phloem are complex tissues.
- Xylem transports water and minerals.
- Parts of xylem include tracheids, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers.
- Phloem transports food materials.
- Phloem components include sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers.
Primary Growth
- Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots.
- It's determined by apical and intercalary meristems.
- Root primary growth produces epidermis, ground, and vascular tissues.
- Apical meristems in shoots produce internodes, and leaf-bearing nodes.
Secondary Growth
- Secondary growth increases the girth of stems and roots in woody plants
- It's due to the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium.
- Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
- Cork cambium creates periderm (outer bark).
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Description
Explore the intricate world of plant development through this quiz. Test your knowledge on plant structures, organs, and their evolutionary adaptations. Understand the roles of roots, stems, and leaves, along with their various modifications.
