Plant Cytology and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Cell wall
  • Vesicles
  • Flagella

What is the primary function of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?

  • To break down organic molecules
  • To store nutrients
  • To synthesize proteins (correct)
  • To facilitate osmosis

What process is described by the movement of solvent molecules through a permeable membrane?

  • Endocytosis
  • Osmosis (correct)
  • Diffusion
  • Active transport

Which structure is responsible for directing proteins and other substances in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do vacuoles play in eukaryotic cells?

<p>They store nutrients and waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis while mitochondria perform oxidative respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the composition of the cell membrane?

<p>Two layers of phospholipids with proteins and carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do cells without cell walls use to manage excess water?

<p>Pumping action through aquaporins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in the light stage of photosynthesis?

<p>To capture light energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) during the light stage?

<p>They drive ATP synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main products of the reaction involving chlorophyll and light?

<p>Electrons and protons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes photosystem II from photosystem I in chlorophyll’s function?

<p>Photosystem II is more important for photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do protons contribute to the formation of water in the light stage?

<p>They react with hydroxide ions (OH-) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to chlorophyll after it releases an electron?

<p>It becomes positively charged and highly reactive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the segregation of charges across the thylakoid membrane?

<p>Energy from sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the light stage of photosynthesis is true?

<p>Oxygen is produced as a waste product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when water is split in photosystem I?

<p>It creates a proton gradient and NADPH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is required for the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?

<p>NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Rubisco in the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?

<p>To catalyze the conversion of CO2 into a six-carbon molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the enzymatic stage, how many molecules of glucose can be produced from six assimilated molecules of CO2?

<p>One (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to NADP+, ADP, and Pi at the conclusion of the enzymatic stage?

<p>They return to the light stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of Rubisco's dual function in photosynthesis and photorespiration?

<p>It results in the loss of carbon compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosystem I and the production of NADPH?

<p>Photosystem I makes NADPH by transferring electrons after water splitting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what condition would Rubisco favor photorespiration over the normal C3 cycle?

<p>Low CO2 concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of turgor pressure in plant cells?

<p>To support cell shape and rigidity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a plant cell is responsible for synthesizing organic compounds?

<p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a large cell to engulf smaller cells for food and energy?

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary process describes the formation of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors?

<p>Symbiogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do mitochondria produce that is essential for cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do both mitochondria and chloroplasts share?

<p>They contain circular DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in a plant cell?

<p>Lysosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does actin protein play in larger cells that evolved from prokaryotic ancestors?

<p>It assists in cellular mobility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?

<p>Converting light energy into chemical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chloroplasts are typically transparent and known as leucoplasts?

<p>Chloroplasts that lose chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the primary cell wall from the secondary cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Thickness and flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

<p>To serve as communication bridges between cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of chloroplasts is responsible for facilitating photosynthesis and the fall colors of leaves?

<p>Thylakoids and their pigments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of having a nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To protect DNA from foreign organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about plant cells lacking a well-developed internal cytoskeleton?

<p>They rely entirely on the cell wall for support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might cells with a secondary wall eventually die?

<p>They lose their ability to transport nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the apoplast in plant cells?

<p>Facilitate communication and metabolic activity outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not typically found in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process directly follows transcription in protein synthesis?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the light reactions in photosynthesis produce?

<p>Oxygen and ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide primarily play a crucial role?

<p>Enzymatic stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?

<p>Synthesize proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements is incorrect about the components involved in the light stage of photosynthesis?

<p>NADP+ acts as a carbon source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cytoskeleton differ between animal and plant cells?

<p>Plant cells lack a true cytoskeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Turgor pressure

The pressure exerted by the cell wall and the vacuoles against the cell membrane, maintaining the cell's shape.

Phagocytosis

The process by which a large cell engulfs other cells, like bacteria, and digests them in lysosomes.

Symbiogenesis

The symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one organism lives inside the other, both benefiting.

Mitochondria

Organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for the production of energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, using light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

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Cytoplasm

The fluid that fills the cell, containing organelles and providing a medium for cellular processes.

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Nucleolus

A small, dense structure within the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes in eukaryotic cells involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

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Cell

The fundamental structural unit of all living organisms, enclosed by a membrane and containing cytoplasm.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal organelles. Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Cell Wall

The outermost layer of a plant cell, providing structural support and protection. It also helps regulate water movement into the cell.

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Cell Membrane

The thin, flexible barrier that encloses a cell and regulates what enters and exits. It's made of a phospholipid bilayer.

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Osmosis

The movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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Vacuoles

Large, fluid-filled sacs within a cell, primarily involved in storing water, nutrients, and waste products. They regulate cell size and turgor pressure.

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Apoplast

The space outside plant cells, including cell walls, where communication and metabolic activities occur.

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Transcription

Process where DNA is converted into RNA, acting as a blueprint for protein synthesis.

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Translation

Process where RNA is converted into protein, using the information from the RNA sequence.

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Light Stage of Photosynthesis

The first stage of photosynthesis, depending on light intensity and water. It produces oxygen and ATP energy.

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Enzymatic Stage of Photosynthesis

The second stage of photosynthesis, dependent on temperature. It uses energy from the light stage to create carbohydrates.

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ATPase

A complex protein machine embedded in the chloroplast membrane, responsible for generating ATP during the light stage of photosynthesis.

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NADP+

A molecule used to carry electrons and protons during photosynthesis, primarily during the light stage.

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ATP Production Requirement

The first stage of photosynthesis requires electrical current to generate ATP.

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Thylakoids

These are inner membrane pockets and vesicles within chloroplasts. They are responsible for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

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Chlorophyll

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy.

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Leucoplasts

These transparent, colorless chloroplasts lack chlorophyll. They are often involved in storing starch.

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Symplast

The continuous network of cytoplasm that connects adjacent plant cells through plasmodesmata. It facilitates communication and transport.

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Plasmodesmata

These are thin cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells, enabling communication and transport between them.

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Primary cell wall

This is the initial cell wall layer laid down during cell growth. It is relatively thin and flexible, made of cellulose, carbohydrates, and proteins.

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Light Excitation of Chlorophyll

The process by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy, causing an electron to become excited and leave the chlorophyll molecule.

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Proton Pumping in Photosynthesis

The movement of protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane, driven by the flow of energized electrons.

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ATP Synthase in Light Stage

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released during proton transport across the thylakoid membrane.

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Photosystem II (P680)

A light-harvesting complex containing chlorophyll and other pigments, responsible for capturing light energy and transferring it to the reaction center for photosynthesis.

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Photosystem I (P700)

A light-harvesting complex involved in photosynthesis, responsible for generating NADPH.

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Proton Gradient in Photosynthesis

The difference in electric charge between the thylakoid lumen (inside) and the stroma (outside) of the chloroplast, created by the movement of protons during the light stage of photosynthesis.

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NADP+ in Photosynthesis

A molecule that is reduced by accepting a proton and two electrons, becoming NADPH, a key energy carrier in the Calvin cycle (dark reactions).

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What is Photosystem I (PSI) and what does it do?

Photosystem I (PSI) is a light-dependent complex in photosynthesis that uses light energy to create a proton gradient and produce NADPH, a high-energy electron carrier.

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What is the enzymatic stage in photosynthesis?

The enzymatic stage in photosynthesis is a light-independent process that takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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What is RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate)?

RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) is a sugar molecule with five carbon atoms. It's the starting molecule for the Calvin cycle in the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis.

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What is Rubisco?

Rubisco is a crucial enzyme in photosynthesis. It catalyzes the initial step of carbon fixation by incorporating CO2 into RuBP.

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What is photorespiration?

Photorespiration is a process that occurs when Rubisco binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis.

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What is the C4 pathway?

The C4 pathway is a specialized method of carbon fixation that minimizes photorespiration, especially in hot and dry environments. It uses a different enzyme to initially bind CO2, concentrating it for Rubisco.

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What is the Calvin Cycle?

The Calvin Cycle is a series of reactions in the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis that use energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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How are energy carriers involved in the enzymatic stage?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) are energy carriers that are essential for the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis.

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Study Notes

Plant Cytology and Physiology

  • Plant cells are the largest eukaryotic cells.
  • Plant cells lack a well-developed internal cytoskeleton, instead relying on the cell wall for structural support.
  • Cell walls develop in two stages: primary and secondary.
  • The primary cell wall is typically thin, flexible, and composed of cellulose, other carbohydrates, and proteins.
  • The secondary cell wall contains lignin and highly hydrophobic suberin.
  • These chemicals block exchange between the cell and its environment, and cause cells with secondary walls to eventually die.
  • Despite cell death, these cells can still be useful for plants, e.g. for defense or water transport.
  • Plant cells contain chloroplasts, vacuoles, cell walls, and plasmodesmata, but often lack a true cytoskeleton.

Prokaryotic Cells

  • The minimal cell contains three key components: a membrane to separate from the environment ,protein synthesis machinery (from DNA to RNA to protein) and a space for other reactions (cytoplasm).
  • Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
  • The DNA in prokaryotic cells is surrounded by the cytoplasm.
  • Prokaryotic cells often contain flagella, vesicles, cell walls, and folded/pocketed membranes.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than prokaryotic cells--10-100 times larger.
  • The size increase allows space for the DNA to be held in a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which protects the DNA from harm and prevents outside factors from affecting it.
  • Eukaryotic cells include vacuoles and chloroplasts.
  • Mitochondria break down organic molecules into carbon dioxide and water, a process called oxidative respiration.
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) modifies, processes, packages, and transports proteins, including proteins destined for a specific part of the cell.
  • Golgi apparatus directs proteins and other substances to their final destinations in the cell.
  • Eukaryotes can develop symbiogenesis where smaller engulfed cells become incorporated into the organism and useful for the larger cell (e.g. mitochondria).

Cell Membrane Structure

  • Cell membranes consist of two layers of phospholipids.
  • One end of each layer is hydrophilic (polar, attracting water), while the other end is hydrophobic (non-polar, repelling water).
  • Phospholipids are typical lipids, but they have a polar head with phosphoric acid and two hydrophobic non-polar tails.
  • Other components include lipids (like cholesterol in animal cells, and chlorophyll in plant cells) and proteins with carbohydrates.

Vacuoles

  • Vacuoles are large vesicle(s) in cells.
  • Vacuoles can store nutrients, accumulate ions, and store waste products.
  • Osmosis can cause uncontrollable expansion in cells without walls; vacuoles help regulate water balance.
  • Turgor pressure refers to the combined pressure of the cell and vacuoles' walls, supporting the cell shape.

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

  • Mitochondria are organelles that produce most of the cytoplasmic ATP.
  • Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes and contain circular DNA and ribosomes, resembling bacteria.
  • Mitochondria can branch and interconnect.
  • Chloroplasts synthesize organic compounds and store carbohydrates as starch grains.
  • They are also surrounded by two membranes and contain circular DNA and ribosomes, resembling bacteria.
  • Chloroplasts have inner membrane pockets (thylakoids), along with vesicles and an outer stroma.
  • Chloroplasts are green due to chlorophyll, which converts light energy into chemical energy.
  • Photosynthetic organelles can be red and orange (chromoplasts) from carotenoids and xanthophylls.
  • Some chloroplasts lose chlorophyll and become white (leucoplasts).

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis's reactants include carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and light; the product is starch.
  • Photosynthesis has two stages: light-dependent and enzymatic.
  • The light stage relates to light and water intensity and produces energy as ATP and oxygen.
  • The enzymatic stage relies on the temperature, carbon dioxide, and water.
  • The enzymatic stage uses energy from the light stage to produce carbohydrates. 
  • The light stage uses photosystems I and II ("chlorophyll"), water, ATPase, protons, and a hydrogen carrier as inputs.
  • Chlorophyll converts light to chemical energy.
  • Water splits into protons, which concentrate in the thylakoid membrane; this produces oxygen and NADPH. (photolysis)
  • The light and enzymatic stage have numerous participants: light, water, NADP+, ADP, Oxygen, chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Xanthophylls, ATPase, protons, and a hydrogen carrier(NADP+). Rubisco and RuBP.
  • These stages follow the Calvin cycle, producing glucose

Plasmodesmata and Symplast and Apoplast

  • Plasmodesmata are thin cytoplasmic bridges between neighboring plant cells that facilitate communication between them.
  • Symplast refers to the continuous cytoplasm inside plant cells.
  • Apoplast is the space outside cells and in the cell walls where metabolic activity takes place, which is important to transport nutrients.

Cytoskeleton

  • Plant cells that have plasmodesmata may have limited or no internal cytoskeleton.
  • Animal cells use a cytoskeleton to support the shape and function of their internal structures. 

Protein Synthesis

  • DNA is transcribed into RNA and then transformed into protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its rough surface to synthesize and transport proteins.
  • Translation is non-reversible, unlike transcription, which can be reversed by viruses.

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