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Which of the following components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
What process is described by the movement of solvent molecules through a permeable membrane?
What process is described by the movement of solvent molecules through a permeable membrane?
Which structure is responsible for directing proteins and other substances in a eukaryotic cell?
Which structure is responsible for directing proteins and other substances in a eukaryotic cell?
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What role do vacuoles play in eukaryotic cells?
What role do vacuoles play in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following describes the composition of the cell membrane?
Which of the following describes the composition of the cell membrane?
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What mechanism do cells without cell walls use to manage excess water?
What mechanism do cells without cell walls use to manage excess water?
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What is the role of chlorophyll in the light stage of photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in the light stage of photosynthesis?
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What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) during the light stage?
What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) during the light stage?
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Which of the following describes the main products of the reaction involving chlorophyll and light?
Which of the following describes the main products of the reaction involving chlorophyll and light?
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What distinguishes photosystem II from photosystem I in chlorophyll’s function?
What distinguishes photosystem II from photosystem I in chlorophyll’s function?
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How do protons contribute to the formation of water in the light stage?
How do protons contribute to the formation of water in the light stage?
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What occurs to chlorophyll after it releases an electron?
What occurs to chlorophyll after it releases an electron?
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What is required for the segregation of charges across the thylakoid membrane?
What is required for the segregation of charges across the thylakoid membrane?
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Which of the following statements about the light stage of photosynthesis is true?
Which of the following statements about the light stage of photosynthesis is true?
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What process occurs when water is split in photosystem I?
What process occurs when water is split in photosystem I?
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Which of the following molecules is required for the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?
Which of the following molecules is required for the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?
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What is the primary role of Rubisco in the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of Rubisco in the enzymatic stage of photosynthesis?
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During the enzymatic stage, how many molecules of glucose can be produced from six assimilated molecules of CO2?
During the enzymatic stage, how many molecules of glucose can be produced from six assimilated molecules of CO2?
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What happens to NADP+, ADP, and Pi at the conclusion of the enzymatic stage?
What happens to NADP+, ADP, and Pi at the conclusion of the enzymatic stage?
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What is a consequence of Rubisco's dual function in photosynthesis and photorespiration?
What is a consequence of Rubisco's dual function in photosynthesis and photorespiration?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosystem I and the production of NADPH?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosystem I and the production of NADPH?
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In what condition would Rubisco favor photorespiration over the normal C3 cycle?
In what condition would Rubisco favor photorespiration over the normal C3 cycle?
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What is the main function of turgor pressure in plant cells?
What is the main function of turgor pressure in plant cells?
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Which component of a plant cell is responsible for synthesizing organic compounds?
Which component of a plant cell is responsible for synthesizing organic compounds?
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What process allows a large cell to engulf smaller cells for food and energy?
What process allows a large cell to engulf smaller cells for food and energy?
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What evolutionary process describes the formation of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors?
What evolutionary process describes the formation of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors?
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What do mitochondria produce that is essential for cellular respiration?
What do mitochondria produce that is essential for cellular respiration?
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What characteristic do both mitochondria and chloroplasts share?
What characteristic do both mitochondria and chloroplasts share?
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Which of the following components is NOT found in a plant cell?
Which of the following components is NOT found in a plant cell?
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What role does actin protein play in larger cells that evolved from prokaryotic ancestors?
What role does actin protein play in larger cells that evolved from prokaryotic ancestors?
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What is the primary role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
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Which type of chloroplasts are typically transparent and known as leucoplasts?
Which type of chloroplasts are typically transparent and known as leucoplasts?
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What characteristic distinguishes the primary cell wall from the secondary cell wall in plant cells?
What characteristic distinguishes the primary cell wall from the secondary cell wall in plant cells?
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What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
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What structural feature of chloroplasts is responsible for facilitating photosynthesis and the fall colors of leaves?
What structural feature of chloroplasts is responsible for facilitating photosynthesis and the fall colors of leaves?
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What is the main advantage of having a nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main advantage of having a nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is true about plant cells lacking a well-developed internal cytoskeleton?
Which of the following is true about plant cells lacking a well-developed internal cytoskeleton?
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Why might cells with a secondary wall eventually die?
Why might cells with a secondary wall eventually die?
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What is the role of the apoplast in plant cells?
What is the role of the apoplast in plant cells?
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Which component is not typically found in animal cells?
Which component is not typically found in animal cells?
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Which process directly follows transcription in protein synthesis?
Which process directly follows transcription in protein synthesis?
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What do the light reactions in photosynthesis produce?
What do the light reactions in photosynthesis produce?
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In which part of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide primarily play a crucial role?
In which part of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide primarily play a crucial role?
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What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
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Which of these elements is incorrect about the components involved in the light stage of photosynthesis?
Which of these elements is incorrect about the components involved in the light stage of photosynthesis?
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How does the cytoskeleton differ between animal and plant cells?
How does the cytoskeleton differ between animal and plant cells?
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Study Notes
Plant Cytology and Physiology
- Plant cells are the largest eukaryotic cells.
- Plant cells lack a well-developed internal cytoskeleton, instead relying on the cell wall for structural support.
- Cell walls develop in two stages: primary and secondary.
- The primary cell wall is typically thin, flexible, and composed of cellulose, other carbohydrates, and proteins.
- The secondary cell wall contains lignin and highly hydrophobic suberin.
- These chemicals block exchange between the cell and its environment, and cause cells with secondary walls to eventually die.
- Despite cell death, these cells can still be useful for plants, e.g. for defense or water transport.
- Plant cells contain chloroplasts, vacuoles, cell walls, and plasmodesmata, but often lack a true cytoskeleton.
Prokaryotic Cells
- The minimal cell contains three key components: a membrane to separate from the environment ,protein synthesis machinery (from DNA to RNA to protein) and a space for other reactions (cytoplasm).
- Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
- The DNA in prokaryotic cells is surrounded by the cytoplasm.
- Prokaryotic cells often contain flagella, vesicles, cell walls, and folded/pocketed membranes.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than prokaryotic cells--10-100 times larger.
- The size increase allows space for the DNA to be held in a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which protects the DNA from harm and prevents outside factors from affecting it.
- Eukaryotic cells include vacuoles and chloroplasts.
- Mitochondria break down organic molecules into carbon dioxide and water, a process called oxidative respiration.
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) modifies, processes, packages, and transports proteins, including proteins destined for a specific part of the cell.
- Golgi apparatus directs proteins and other substances to their final destinations in the cell.
- Eukaryotes can develop symbiogenesis where smaller engulfed cells become incorporated into the organism and useful for the larger cell (e.g. mitochondria).
Cell Membrane Structure
- Cell membranes consist of two layers of phospholipids.
- One end of each layer is hydrophilic (polar, attracting water), while the other end is hydrophobic (non-polar, repelling water).
- Phospholipids are typical lipids, but they have a polar head with phosphoric acid and two hydrophobic non-polar tails.
- Other components include lipids (like cholesterol in animal cells, and chlorophyll in plant cells) and proteins with carbohydrates.
Vacuoles
- Vacuoles are large vesicle(s) in cells.
- Vacuoles can store nutrients, accumulate ions, and store waste products.
- Osmosis can cause uncontrollable expansion in cells without walls; vacuoles help regulate water balance.
- Turgor pressure refers to the combined pressure of the cell and vacuoles' walls, supporting the cell shape.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria are organelles that produce most of the cytoplasmic ATP.
- Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes and contain circular DNA and ribosomes, resembling bacteria.
- Mitochondria can branch and interconnect.
- Chloroplasts synthesize organic compounds and store carbohydrates as starch grains.
- They are also surrounded by two membranes and contain circular DNA and ribosomes, resembling bacteria.
- Chloroplasts have inner membrane pockets (thylakoids), along with vesicles and an outer stroma.
- Chloroplasts are green due to chlorophyll, which converts light energy into chemical energy.
- Photosynthetic organelles can be red and orange (chromoplasts) from carotenoids and xanthophylls.
- Some chloroplasts lose chlorophyll and become white (leucoplasts).
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis's reactants include carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and light; the product is starch.
- Photosynthesis has two stages: light-dependent and enzymatic.
- The light stage relates to light and water intensity and produces energy as ATP and oxygen.
- The enzymatic stage relies on the temperature, carbon dioxide, and water.
- The enzymatic stage uses energy from the light stage to produce carbohydrates.
- The light stage uses photosystems I and II ("chlorophyll"), water, ATPase, protons, and a hydrogen carrier as inputs.
- Chlorophyll converts light to chemical energy.
- Water splits into protons, which concentrate in the thylakoid membrane; this produces oxygen and NADPH. (photolysis)
- The light and enzymatic stage have numerous participants: light, water, NADP+, ADP, Oxygen, chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Xanthophylls, ATPase, protons, and a hydrogen carrier(NADP+). Rubisco and RuBP.
- These stages follow the Calvin cycle, producing glucose
Plasmodesmata and Symplast and Apoplast
- Plasmodesmata are thin cytoplasmic bridges between neighboring plant cells that facilitate communication between them.
- Symplast refers to the continuous cytoplasm inside plant cells.
- Apoplast is the space outside cells and in the cell walls where metabolic activity takes place, which is important to transport nutrients.
Cytoskeleton
- Plant cells that have plasmodesmata may have limited or no internal cytoskeleton.
- Animal cells use a cytoskeleton to support the shape and function of their internal structures.
Protein Synthesis
- DNA is transcribed into RNA and then transformed into protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
- The endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its rough surface to synthesize and transport proteins.
- Translation is non-reversible, unlike transcription, which can be reversed by viruses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on plant cell structures and functions with this quiz. Explore the unique characteristics of eukaryotic plant cells, including their cell walls, chloroplasts, and the role of secondary walls. Challenge yourself on key concepts related to plant cytology and physiology.
