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Questions and Answers
Which type of hair is characterized by being unicellular and branched?
Which type of hair is characterized by being unicellular and branched?
What type of non-glandular multicellular hair has cells arranged in two rows?
What type of non-glandular multicellular hair has cells arranged in two rows?
Which type of glandular hair is commonly found with a unicellular head?
Which type of glandular hair is commonly found with a unicellular head?
In which type of hair does the branched stalk end with a multicellular head?
In which type of hair does the branched stalk end with a multicellular head?
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What classification of non-glandular multicellular hairs is exemplified by Shaggy hair?
What classification of non-glandular multicellular hairs is exemplified by Shaggy hair?
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
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Which statement best describes the role of mitochondria in a cell?
Which statement best describes the role of mitochondria in a cell?
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What distinguishes the granular endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes the granular endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of plant cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of plant cells?
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What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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Which structure is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins prior to their export?
Which structure is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins prior to their export?
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Which of the following accurately describes plastids in plant cells?
Which of the following accurately describes plastids in plant cells?
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What component is primarily responsible for the structural rigidity of plant cells?
What component is primarily responsible for the structural rigidity of plant cells?
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What is the primary function of stomata in plants?
What is the primary function of stomata in plants?
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What distinguishes the upper epidermis from the lower epidermis in leaves?
What distinguishes the upper epidermis from the lower epidermis in leaves?
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Which type of stomata are characterized by surrounding cells that have unequal sizes?
Which type of stomata are characterized by surrounding cells that have unequal sizes?
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What is the role of trichomes in plants?
What is the role of trichomes in plants?
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What type of tissue is formed by a group of cells that have identical form and function?
What type of tissue is formed by a group of cells that have identical form and function?
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What is a defining feature of dermal tissues in plants?
What is a defining feature of dermal tissues in plants?
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Which type of stomata is characterized by subsidiary cells arranged parallel to the osteole?
Which type of stomata is characterized by subsidiary cells arranged parallel to the osteole?
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Which type of trichome is described as having short and conical projections?
Which type of trichome is described as having short and conical projections?
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Study Notes
Plant Anatomy Lecture Notes
- Cytology is the study of cells, the basic units of living organisms.
- Plant cells are characterized by a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane.
- The cytoplasm, containing organelles, is enclosed within the cell wall.
- The cytoplasm and nucleus together form the protoplasm.
Plant Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Located in the center of most cells, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
- Mitochondria: Sites of various chemical processes involved in energy production (ATP synthesis).
Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes: Synthesize protein molecules from amino acids.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes.
- Rough ER: Associated with ribosomes, involved in protein packaging for the Golgi apparatus.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, site of lipid synthesis and calcium ion storage/release.
Golgi Apparatus and Plastids
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies and sorts proteins, using transport vesicles.
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Plastids: Specialized organelles, including chloroplasts.
- Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll, responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
- Vacuoles: Plant cells have large vacuoles, sometimes taking up to 90% of the cell's volume.
- Function: Store useful materials, digest waste proteins and organelles.
Plant Cell Characteristics
- Plant cells are distinguished from other eukaryotic cells by specific features:
- Cell wall composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin.
- Presence of plastids.
- Presence of large vacuoles.
- Plasmodesmata, connecting neighboring protoplasts.
Plant Anatomy, Microscopic Structure
- Plant anatomy is also known as micropathology and plant histology.
- It's concerned with the microscopic structures of plant tissues, cells, and organs.
Plant Cells and Tissues
- Cell: Fundamental unit of a living organism, consisting of a cell wall surrounding protoplasmic and non-protoplasmic materials.
- Groups of cells with identical form and function are known as tissues.
- Plant tissues are divided into three main groups: dermal, ground, and vascular.
Types of Plant Tissues
- Plant Tissues: Permanent and Meristematic tissues
- Permanent Tissues: Simple and Complex permanent tissues
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Simple Permanent Tissues:
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
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Complex Permanent Tissues:
- Xylem (tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres)
- Phloem (sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres)
- Meristematic Tissues: Apical, Intercalary, Lateral meristems
Dermal Tissues
- Dermal tissues are on the surface of plants, a complex tissue.
- Consists of epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes (hairs).
- Epidermal cells:
- Single layer
- No intercellular spaces
- Varies in shape and size across plants
- Covered with a cuticle (water-impermeable substance)
- Upper epidermis differs from lower epidermis
- Epidermal cells:
Stomata
- Stomata are openings in the epidermis.
- Made of guard cells, with an opening in the center (ostiole) for gas exchange.
- Located on both surfaces of leaves or only on the lower surface.
- Stomata have subsidiary (surrounding epidermal) cells.
- Stomata types based on arrangements of subsidiary cells:
- Ranunculaceous (Anomocytic)
- Cruciferous (Anisocytic)
- Rubiaceous (Paracytic)
- Caryophyllaceous (Diacytic)
Trichomes (Hairs)
- Trichomes are projections of epidermal cells, varying in shape and size.
- Short, conical trichomes are called papillae.
- Types of trichomes: glandular and non-glandular or covering hairs
- Non-glandular hairs are further classified as unicellular and multicellular, further divided based on branching.
- Glandular hairs (Unicellular & Multicellular): Unicellular hairs are unusual, Multicellular are more common.
- further subdivided into various types based on stalk and head structure.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of plant anatomy, focusing on cellular structures and their functions. This quiz covers key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, providing a solid understanding of plant cell organization. Test your knowledge on how these components contribute to the overall functioning of plant cells.
