Plant Anatomy Lecture Notes
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Plant Anatomy Lecture Notes

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Questions and Answers

Which type of hair is characterized by being unicellular and branched?

  • Lavender hair (correct)
  • Cottony hair
  • Cystolith hair
  • Shaggy hair
  • What type of non-glandular multicellular hair has cells arranged in two rows?

  • Biseriate hair (correct)
  • Pluriseriate hair
  • Uniseriate hair
  • Candelabra hair
  • Which type of glandular hair is commonly found with a unicellular head?

  • Mentha (correct)
  • Belladonna
  • Cumin
  • Digitalis
  • In which type of hair does the branched stalk end with a multicellular head?

    <p>Pluriseriate stalk hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of non-glandular multicellular hairs is exemplified by Shaggy hair?

    <p>Multiseriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Site of ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the granular endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall composed of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Storing materials and digesting waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins prior to their export?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes plastids in plant cells?

    <p>Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is primarily responsible for the structural rigidity of plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomata in plants?

    <p>Gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the upper epidermis from the lower epidermis in leaves?

    <p>Thickness of the cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stomata are characterized by surrounding cells that have unequal sizes?

    <p>Anisocytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trichomes in plants?

    <p>Provide protection and reduce water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is formed by a group of cells that have identical form and function?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of dermal tissues in plants?

    <p>They cover the plant surface and protect against water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stomata is characterized by subsidiary cells arranged parallel to the osteole?

    <p>Paracytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trichome is described as having short and conical projections?

    <p>Papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Anatomy Lecture Notes

    • Cytology is the study of cells, the basic units of living organisms.
    • Plant cells are characterized by a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane.
    • The cytoplasm, containing organelles, is enclosed within the cell wall.
    • The cytoplasm and nucleus together form the protoplasm.

    Plant Cell Organelles

    • Nucleus: Located in the center of most cells, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
    • Mitochondria: Sites of various chemical processes involved in energy production (ATP synthesis).

    Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Ribosomes: Synthesize protein molecules from amino acids.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes.
      • Rough ER: Associated with ribosomes, involved in protein packaging for the Golgi apparatus.
      • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, site of lipid synthesis and calcium ion storage/release.

    Golgi Apparatus and Plastids

    • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and sorts proteins, using transport vesicles.
    • Plastids: Specialized organelles, including chloroplasts.
      • Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll, responsible for photosynthesis.

    Vacuoles

    • Vacuoles: Plant cells have large vacuoles, sometimes taking up to 90% of the cell's volume.
    • Function: Store useful materials, digest waste proteins and organelles.

    Plant Cell Characteristics

    • Plant cells are distinguished from other eukaryotic cells by specific features:
      • Cell wall composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin.
      • Presence of plastids.
      • Presence of large vacuoles.
      • Plasmodesmata, connecting neighboring protoplasts.

    Plant Anatomy, Microscopic Structure

    • Plant anatomy is also known as micropathology and plant histology.
    • It's concerned with the microscopic structures of plant tissues, cells, and organs.

    Plant Cells and Tissues

    • Cell: Fundamental unit of a living organism, consisting of a cell wall surrounding protoplasmic and non-protoplasmic materials.
    • Groups of cells with identical form and function are known as tissues.
    • Plant tissues are divided into three main groups: dermal, ground, and vascular.

    Types of Plant Tissues

    • Plant Tissues: Permanent and Meristematic tissues
    • Permanent Tissues: Simple and Complex permanent tissues
    • Simple Permanent Tissues:
      • Parenchyma
      • Collenchyma
      • Sclerenchyma
    • Complex Permanent Tissues:
      • Xylem (tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres)
      • Phloem (sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres)
    • Meristematic Tissues: Apical, Intercalary, Lateral meristems

    Dermal Tissues

    • Dermal tissues are on the surface of plants, a complex tissue.
    • Consists of epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes (hairs).
      • Epidermal cells:
        • Single layer
        • No intercellular spaces
        • Varies in shape and size across plants
        • Covered with a cuticle (water-impermeable substance)
        • Upper epidermis differs from lower epidermis

    Stomata

    • Stomata are openings in the epidermis.
    • Made of guard cells, with an opening in the center (ostiole) for gas exchange.
    • Located on both surfaces of leaves or only on the lower surface.
    • Stomata have subsidiary (surrounding epidermal) cells.
    • Stomata types based on arrangements of subsidiary cells:
      • Ranunculaceous (Anomocytic)
      • Cruciferous (Anisocytic)
      • Rubiaceous (Paracytic)
      • Caryophyllaceous (Diacytic)

    Trichomes (Hairs)

    • Trichomes are projections of epidermal cells, varying in shape and size.
    • Short, conical trichomes are called papillae.
    • Types of trichomes: glandular and non-glandular or covering hairs
      • Non-glandular hairs are further classified as unicellular and multicellular, further divided based on branching.
      • Glandular hairs (Unicellular & Multicellular): Unicellular hairs are unusual, Multicellular are more common.
        • further subdivided into various types based on stalk and head structure.

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