Plant Cell Wall and Antimicrobial Compounds

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions in plant pathology:

Infectious plant diseases = Can spread from one susceptible host to another Non-infectious plant diseases = Caused by unfavorable growth conditions; not transmitted from a diseased plant to a healthy one Wilting = Symptom of plant diseases Necrosis = Sign of plant diseases, characterized by spotting

Match the following factors with their roles in causing plant diseases:

Biotic factors = Can cause infectious plant diseases Abiotic factors = Cause non-infectious plant diseases by creating unfavorable growth conditions Mold = Sign of infectious plant diseases Deformation = Sign of plant diseases, caused by various factors

Match the following terms with their meanings in the context of plant pathology:

Hypertrophy = Overgrowth as a sign of plant diseases Pustules = Sign of infectious plant diseases Mummification = Sign of plant diseases, involving drying and shriveling Discoloration = Sign of plant diseases, involving abnormal coloration

Match the following terms with their impact on plant physiology:

Disrupted structure = Result of environmental factors altering physiological processes Destruction of affected tissue = Sign of plant diseases, indicating severe impact on growth and functions Hyperplasia = Overgrowth as a result of plant diseases Nature of causative agent = Determines the symptoms and nature of the disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the viroid family with its characteristic replication mechanism:

Pospiviroidae = Asymmetric mechanism Avsunviroidae = Symmetric mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Match the viroid characteristic with its corresponding description:

Viroid genome length = 50-80 times shorter than viral genome Viroid replication mechanism = Rolling-circle mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Match the viroid action with its effect on host cell genes:

Effect on gene expression = Alter phosphorylation state of gene products Post-transcriptional suppression of gene expression = Induce demethylation of rRNA genes Signup and view all the answers

Match the viroid domain with its corresponding family:

Central domain (C) = Pospiviroidae Ribozyme structures involved in self-cleavage of RNA strands = Avsunviroidae Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant defense mechanisms with their descriptions:

Phytoanticipins = Pre-synthesized antimicrobial compounds used for defense Phytoalexins = Antimicrobial compounds formed in response to attack Small RNAs and exogenous dsRNAs = Used to regulate gene expression and combat viruses Transmembrane pattern recognition receptors and R genes = Recognize pathogens and trigger defense responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant defense strategies with their descriptions:

Acquired resistance = Resistance response in one part of the plant spreads to other parts, activated by existing resistance genes Pathogen suppression strategies = Include altering the programmed cell death pathway, inhibiting protective compounds, and changing the hormonal status and gene expression patterns R genes interaction with avr gene products = Triggers defense responses against corresponding pathogens Classes of R gene products for defense = Include defense against bacterial, viral, fungal infections, and insects Signup and view all the answers

Match the following major crops with their description:

Soybeans, wheat, corn, rice, sugar crops = Major crops causing food losses in industrialized countries at various stages of production Barley, palm oil, rape, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes = Major crops grown worldwide Wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, sugar crops, barley, palm oil, rape, bananas = Top 10 most grown crops in the world Soybeans, wheat, corn, rice, sugar crops, barley, palm oil, rape, bananas = Major crops causing food losses in industrialized countries at various stages of production Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Russian plant products with their categories:

Cereal roots and tubers = Major plant product exported from Russia Oilseeds and pulses = Major plant product exported from Russia Fruits and vegetables = Major plant product exported from Russia Cereals, oilseeds, and pulses = Main exported plant products from Russia Signup and view all the answers

Match the infectious plant disease symptom with its description:

Hypertrophy = Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of plant tissue Mummification = Drying and shriveling of infected plant tissue, often resulting in a leathery or mummified appearance Chlorosis = Yellowing or whitening of plant leaves due to the loss of chlorophyll Wilting = Loss of rigidity in plant stems and leaves due to lack of water or disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant defense mechanism with its description:

Waxy cuticle = Protective layer on the outer surface of plant leaves that helps prevent pathogen penetration Trichomes = Outgrowths of the epidermis that contain antimicrobial compounds and inhibit microbial enzymes Cell wall = First line of defense against pathogens, providing physical and chemical protection for plant cells Antimicrobial compounds synthesis = Process by which plants produce compounds to combat pathogens as part of their innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Match the method of pathogen penetration with the corresponding pathogen type:

Fungi forming hyphae over plant cells = Fungal infections Bacterial infections often requiring damaged tissues or specialized structures = Bacterial infections Viral infections often requiring damaged tissues or a specific carrier = Viral infections Insect carriers transmitting pathogens to plants = Insect-borne infections Signup and view all the answers

Match the transmission route with the corresponding natural reservoir:

Spread through the air, water, and animals = Natural reservoirs in soil, water, and animals Remain infectious for many months or years = Natural reservoirs in soil, water, and animals Infectious agents spreading through animals = Natural reservoirs in soil, water, and animals Insects serving as natural reservoirs for pathogens = Natural reservoirs in soil, water, and animals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant defense mechanisms with their descriptions:

Acquired resistance = Temporary resistance mediated by salicylic acid and various proteins associated with pathogenesis Induced systemic resistance = Non-specific protection mediated by salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and lipopolysaccharides, determined by plant genotype Symbiotic bacteria colonization = Antagonizes soil pathogens through siderophores, antibiotics, chitinases, and glucanases Viral gene transcription suppression = Leads to a latent infection of plant viruses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following virus characteristics with their descriptions:

Virion = Consists of a nucleic acid molecule and a protective protein coat Viral replication proteins = Required for the synthesis of nucleic acid in the viral life cycle Plasmodesmata = Small intercellular channels utilized by viruses to penetrate neighboring plant cells Mechanical vector = Carrier organism for plant viruses that does not propagate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following viral infection processes with their descriptions:

Uncoating = Process undergone by viruses upon entering the plant cell's cytoplasm Passive transport through wounds = Method by which virions enter the plant cell due to inability to pass through cuticle and cell wall structures on their own Vascular system entry = Necessary for viruses to infect an entire plant and move passively through the sieve tubes of the phloem Transmission via carrier organism = Method utilized by most plant viruses to spread from infected plants to healthy ones Signup and view all the answers

Match the following viral disease symptoms with their descriptions:

Growth suppression = Type of viral disease symptom characterized by reduced growth of the entire plant or its leading shoots Discoloration = Type of viral disease symptom characterized by mosaic, chlorotic rings, leaf chlorosis, variegation Deformations = Type of viral disease symptom characterized by leaf wrinkling, corrugation, threadlike structures Asymptomatic infection = Plants found infected with viruses in the absence of any obvious symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The text is a review article on infectious plant diseases and plant immunity.
Infectious plant diseases are caused by various pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, insects, and parasitic plants.
Diseases can lead to wilting, spotting, mold, pustules, rot, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, deformations, mummification, and color changes.
Monoculture farming increases crop yield and lowers production costs but contributes to soil depletion and makes crops more susceptible to infectious diseases.
Infectious plant diseases can cause significant losses during storage, transportation, and distribution to consumers.
Plants have a waxy cuticle and synthesize antimicrobial compounds as part of their innate immunity.
Pathogens use various strategies to penetrate plants: fungi can penetrate directly into epidermal cells or form hyphae over plant cells, while bacterial and viral infections often require damaged tissues or specialized structures.
Trichomes are outgrowths of the epidermis that prevent pathogen growth and penetration by containing antimicrobial compounds or inhibiting microbial enzymes.
The cell wall is the first line of defense against pathogens, and successful protection at this stage is most effective against non-specific pathogens.
Infection with phytopathogens is not always successful due to structural changes in the cell wall or programmed cell death.
Fungi can penetrate directly into epidermal cells or form hyphae over plant cells and between them, while bacterial and viral infections often require damaged tissues, specialized structures, or a specific carrier.
Infection with fungi can lead to plant shrinkage, darkening, or compaction through damage to plant organs by the fungal mycelium.
Chloroplast dysfunction and low chlorophyll content in leaves can result in mosaic discoloration or chlorosis.
Infectious agents can spread through the air, water, animals, and remain infectious for many months or years.
Natural reservoirs of infectious agents are soil, water, and animals, especially insects.
Infectious plant diseases have become a significant factor affecting crop yield and economic efficiency in agriculture.
Modern technologies, including monoculture farming, have allowed for increased food production but have also led to soil depletion and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Losses from infectious plant diseases can amount to up to 30% during storage, transportation, and distribution to consumers.
It is necessary to prevent or arrest the development of infectious diseases at all stages of crop production.
The review summarizes existing data on the causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of infectious plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi that affect major agricultural crops.
The article discusses the current status, problems, and prospects of plant protection.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the structure of plant cell walls and the types of antimicrobial compounds produced by plants. Learn about cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins, phytoanticipins, and phytoalexins.