Plant Cell Types and Tissue Systems

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Digestion of macromolecules

Synthesis of lipids

Photosynthesis

Generation of ATP from organic molecule breakdown (correct)

Which of the following organelles is specifically involved in the sorting and transport of proteins?

Large vacuoles

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (correct)

Peroxisomes

Chloroplasts

Which organelle is exclusive to plant cells and green algae?

Ribosomes

Chloroplasts (correct)

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

What role do lysosomes play in the eukaryotic cell?

Digestion of macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis of lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parenchyma cells in ground tissue?

Carrying out metabolic reactions including photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is NOT found in ground tissue?

Epidermal cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes collenchyma cells from other cell types in plants?

They possess thickened cell walls for structural support. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue system covers the surface of the plant?

Dermal tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is specialized for water transport?

Xylem vessel elements Signup and view all the answers

What role do guard cells play in the functioning of epidermal cells?

Regulating gas exchange through stomata Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes sclerenchyma cells?

They provide rigid structural support through thickened cell walls. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of vascular tissue?

It conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant. Signup and view all the answers

Which present-day organisms are expected to have DNA sequences in chloroplasts that closely resemble them?

Eukaryotic algae Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum?

The endoplasmic reticulum originated from the invagination of the plasma membrane, unlike mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

How does genome complexity generally correlate with the development of multicellular organisms?

Complex genomes allow for more extensive differentiation of cell types. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature makes E.coli particularly advantageous as a model for studying molecular biology?

It reproduces quickly and has a simple genetic setup. Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of using vertebrates as experimental models in cell biology?

They require specialized facilities and ethical considerations. Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does the availability of complete genome sequences provide for experimental models?

It enhances the understanding of molecular biology across diverse cell types. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason bacteria, like E.coli, are considered ideal experimental models?

They exhibit fundamental biochemical processes in a simpler form. Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses contribute to the understanding of cell biology?

They can genetically alter host cells, providing insights into gene function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason normal human fibroblasts stop growing in culture?

They can undergo only a limited number of population doublings. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes immortal cell lines from normal cells in culture?

Immortal cell lines can proliferate indefinitely. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to primary culture cells once they cover the culture dish surface?

They can be removed and replated to form secondary cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Why are some cell lines considered immortalized?

They can continue to proliferate without dying after multiple doublings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of rodent cell lines isolated from normal fibroblast cultures?

They can be cultured indefinitely like tumor-derived cell lines. Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to primary culture cells before creating secondary cultures?

They must be diluted to a lower cell density. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of growth potential, what is a significant difference between normal fibroblasts and tumor-derived cells?

Tumor-derived cells can grow indefinitely while normal fibroblasts cannot. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding nutrient medium in primary culture?

It provides necessary nutrients for cell survival and replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process described that led to the development of eukaryotic genomes?

Endosymbiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genes were primarily formed from archaebacteria in eukaryotes?

Informational genes Signup and view all the answers

What do the eukaryotic genomes predominantly consist of?

A combination of archaeal and bacterial genes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the significance of the transfer of genes from endocytosed bacteria?

It led to the enhancement of organelle functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which processes are suggested to have bacterial origins in eukaryotic cells?

Glycolysis and amino acid biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis explains the mosaic nature of eukaryotic genomes?

Fusion of archaea and bacterial genomes Signup and view all the answers

From which type of microorganism are most of the genes related to basic cellular operations in eukaryotes derived?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aerobic bacteria in the origin of mitochondria?

They provided essential metabolic functions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Cell Organization

Plants consist of fewer cell types than animals, with specialized cells performing essential functions.
Three main tissue systems in plants: ground tissue, dermal tissue, and vascular tissue.
Ground tissue contains parenchyma cells for metabolic activities like photosynthesis, as well as collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells for structural support due to thick cell walls.

Dermal Tissue

Composed of epidermal cells that form a protective outer layer.
Epidermal cells facilitate nutrient absorption and include guard cells that regulate stomata for gas exchange.

Energy Metabolism Organelles

Mitochondria: Present in almost all eukaryotic cells, responsible for oxidative metabolism and ATP production.
Chloroplasts: Unique to plant and green algae cells, sites for photosynthesis.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes: Specialized for digestion and oxidative reactions, respectively.

Vacuoles

Large vacuoles in plant cells serve multiple roles, including digestion of macromolecules and storage of nutrients and waste products.

Protein Transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Extensive membranous network involved in protein processing and lipid synthesis. Rough ER is ribosome-studded, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus: Works with ER for sorting and transport of proteins to specific cellular destinations.

Eukaryotic Genome Origins

Eukaryotic genomes are mosaics derived from both archaea and bacteria.
Informational processes in eukaryotes (DNA replication, transcription) share similarities with archaeal genes, while metabolic processes (glycolysis, amino acid biosynthesis) are more similar to bacterial genes.
Hypothesis: eukaryotic genome arose from a fusion of archaeal and bacterial genomes through endosymbiosis.

Experimental Models in Cell Biology

E. coli is favored for studying molecular genetics due to its simplicity.
Yeast serves as an alternative model for comparing eukaryotic processes.
Vertebrates offer advantages and disadvantages in developmental studies.
Cell Culture: Primary cultures allow for growth until they cover surfaces; can be replated at lower densities for secondary cultures.

Immortal Cell Lines

Normal human fibroblasts have a limited number of population doublings (50-100) before senescence, contrasting with embryonic stem cells and tumor-derived cells, which can proliferate indefinitely.

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Description

Explore the specialized cell types and their functions in plants. This quiz covers the organization of plant cells into ground, dermal, and vascular tissue. Test your knowledge on the metabolic roles and types of cells within these systems.